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My Geography > CASE STUDIES - The Restless Earth > Flashcards

CASE STUDIES - The Restless Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Human Activity in the Alps: Tourism

A
  • In winter, snow for skiing and other winter sports with sunny, clear, crisp days. Flat land on high outcrops for building hotels, restaurants and other facilities. Steep slopes for ski runs and spectacular scenery
  • In summer, large glcial lakes for watersports. Beautiful mountain scenery. Walking, hiking and mountain biking etc
  • Good transport links form surrounding E
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2
Q

Human activities in the Alps: Forestry

A

Coniferous trees cover the cooler north facing slopes. The timber is used as a building material and is processed in the sandmills located on the valley floors close to the rivers

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3
Q

Human activities in the Alps: Hydro-Electric power (HEP)

A

Steep slopes, high percipitation and summer glacial melt poduce fast flowing rivers ideal for generating power

Narrow valleys are easy to dam and there are upland lakes to store water

Some power is used localy for sawmills, fertilizer manufacturing and aluminium smelting and some is exported to nearby towns and cities

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4
Q

Human activities in the Alps: Farming?

A
  • Dairy farming is traditional, using a farming system called transhumance

→ In summer: cattle graze high up which allows hay to be grown on the valley floors

→ In winter: Animals return to the valley floor where they are kept in sheds and fed on the crops grown in the summer

  • Recent changes : Cable cars and plastic pipes are now used to transport milk down the vallet - keeping it fresh.

Farmers now use artificial feeds so they can stay in the valeys all year

New roads, quad bokes and cable cars give better access to the high alps

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5
Q

Human activities in the Alps: The Alps - what does human acitivity depend on?

A

Height

  • Vertical land use zoning occurs
  • Economic activites centres on sunny south - facing slopes
  • North faing slopes have less varied land use
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6
Q

The Alps: What countries?

A
  • Italy
  • France
  • Switzerland
  • Austria
  • Slovenia
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7
Q

What is the highest peak of the Alps?

A

Mont Blanc - 4810m high (on the border of France and Italy)

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8
Q

Monseratt: Primary impacts?

A
  • 23 killed
  • Only 39km2 of uslands 103km3 considered safe and free from ash
  • Capital Plymouth burried under 12m of mud, ash, pyroclastics
  • 2/3 homes on island destroyed by pyroclastic flows
  • Port and airport closed then destroyed
  • 5000 forced to leave island to Antiguo or UK
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9
Q

Monseratt: Secondary Impacts?

A
  • Fires destroyed goverment buildings and police HQ in Plymouth
  • Population decline - 8000/12000 have left since 1995
  • Poor sanitation and disease in shelters
  • Volcanic ash has begun to improve soil fertility
  • Economic failure - tourism declined, industry (rice processing, electronics) had to close
  • Riots when locals felt British weren’t doing enough to help or giivng enough compensation (£2400 offerred)
  • Ageing population as young have left island (4 care homes now instead of 1)
  • Health impacts: volcanic ash contains a type of quarts that causes a lung disease called sillcosis
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10
Q

Monseratt: Immidiate responses?

A
  • People evacuated to a safe zone in the North, exclusion zones set up in S
  • Shelters built for evacuees
  • Temporary infrastructure build in North (eg roads, electricity supplies)
  • UK gave £1.7 million of emergency aid
  • Local emergency services provided search and rescue and royal navy
  • Somr ‘wait and see’ approach
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11
Q

Monseratt: Long term responses?

A
  • Risk map created and exclusion zone is in place - south still off limites as volcano is active
  • UK provided £41 million to develop North (new docks and permanent housing)
  • New capital city and harbour for trade - Little Bay on NW of island
  • New airport in little bay opened
  • Montserratt Volcano Observatory set up in 1996 to monitor and try to predict eruptions
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12
Q

What impacts would Yellowstone have if it erupted?

A
  • Magma would be flung 50km into the air
  • All life up to 1000km away would be killed (by falling ash, lava flows and by the force of the explostion)
  • 100km3 of lava would pour out of the volcano
  • Ash in the atmosphere would block out the suns light and tigger a freezing cold volcanic winter

→ Crops wouldn’t grow and people would starve

→ Economies would collapse

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13
Q

Impacts of Yellowstone: Social

A

Anyone within 1000km of the volcano would be evacuated

People may inhale phroclastic ash and it kills you

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14
Q

Impacts of Yellowstone: Economic?

A
  • Roofs collapse under wave of ash
  • New York would be affected (the finantial capital) aswell as Washington (government)
  • Disrupt and ground traffic
  • Livestock would die, farmland gets covered (aka where most wheat is made → inflation in food price)
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15
Q

Impacts of Yellowstone: Environmental?

A
  • NW of USA will be covered in ash
  • Fissures (cracks) will show are there will be earthqiakes
  • Pyroclastic flows will reach up to 50-100 miles away from the volcano
  • Ash will block out sunlight
  • Climate change, ash will stay in atmosphere for 6-10 years → ‘cooling period’
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16
Q

KOBE: When was it?

A

17th January 1995 at 5.46am

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17
Q

KOBE: Magnitude?

A

7.2

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18
Q

KOBE: How long did it last?

A

20 seconds

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19
Q

KOBE: Cause?

A

DestructiveNojimaplate boundry

Focus 20km (under Awaji island just next to port of kobe)

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20
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how many people died?

A

6434 people died

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21
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how many people injured?

A

40,000

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22
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how many people homeless?

A

300,000

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23
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how many buildings collapsed?

A

200,000

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24
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how many trains derailed?

A

10

25
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - radius of damage?

A

85km

26
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - what percentage of tracks destroyed in Osaka

A

70%

27
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how many Quays destroyed? (where a boat pulls up to)

A

over 120

28
Q

KOBE: Primary effects - how long were they without water and why?

A

10 days - Water pipes were ruptured (as well as gas)

29
Q

KOBE: Secondary effects?

A
  • Wall of fire up to 500m wide (raged for days)
  • Roads gridlocked, which delayed help
  • Industries closed eg Mitsubishi
  • Technological goods increased in price globally
  • Flu epidemic in shelters
30
Q

KOBE: Secondary effects - how many people in temporary shelters?

A

230,000

31
Q

KOBE: Secondary effects - how many aftershocks?

A

716

32
Q

KOBE: Secondary effects - how much for the damage?

A

$220 billion

33
Q

KOBE: Short term responses?

A
  • 77,000 people evacuated to shelters
  • Friends and neighboroughs dragged people out of the rubble
  • Emergency services used heat seeking devices to locate people
  • Fires put out
  • Hospitals overwhelmed
  • Photne company motorola mainlined phones for free charge
34
Q

KOBE: Long term responses?

A
  • Fires affected areas cleared of rubble
  • Railways operational within 1 month
  • Most roads restored by july
  • September 1996 Hanshuin expressway fully open
  • A year later the port was 80% opertational
  • New building codes - built further apart to stop domino effect (concrete instead of wood)
  • Increased in seismic monitoring of areas
35
Q

SICHUAN: When?

A

12th May 2008 at 2:28pm (When kids were in school!!!)

36
Q

SICHUAN: Magnitude?

A

7.9

37
Q

SICHUAN: How long did it last?

A

120 seconds

38
Q

SICHUAN: cause?

A

Destructive plate boundry

39
Q

SICHUAN: how far down was the focus?

A

10km

40
Q

SICHUAN: Primary effects - how many people were injured?

A

374,000

41
Q

SICHUAN: Sediments??

A

Weak sediments in the area which amplified tremours

42
Q

SICHUAN: Primary effects - how many people died?

A

55,000 people after 11 days

87,652 in total

43
Q

SICHUAN: Primary effects - how many people homeless?

A

5m (up to 11m)

44
Q

SICHUAN: Primary effects - how many buildings collapsed? and how many were damaged?

A

5 million colla[sed

21 million damaged

45
Q

SICHUAN: Primary effects - length of roads collapsed?

A

5300km

46
Q

SICHUAN: Primary effects - how much water pipes ruptured?

A

8000km

47
Q

SICHUAN: Secondary effects?

A
  • Chengdu airport closed
  • In Shifany chemical actories collapsed releasing toxic gas
  • Farmland ruined as irrigation systems broken
  • Anger and upset over lack of building codes, particularly in schools
    • Roads and rivers blocked by landslides
48
Q

SICHUAN: Short term responses?

A

The governments response:

  • Sent in 140,000 troops by boat, foot and parachute
  • Mobilised 100,000 volunteers to help
  • Sent 20 army helicopters (to rescue and give supplied)

General:

  • Local people tried to dig people out of the rubble
  • Globally the production of tents increased (for the homeless people who needed shelter from the spring rain)

At first chinese government refused help but gave in after 2 days

49
Q

SICHUAN: Long term responses

A
  • 250,000 people evacuated form Beichuan because of quake lakes
  • They rebuilt Beischuan in a different place
  • WHO: issued disease warning in camps
  • 1 million temporary small homes were built
  • Vice governor of Sichuan promised rebuilt wouild be complete in 3 years
  • Chinese goverment pledged $10 million for the rebuilding
  • Chinese banks wrote off debts
  • Government brough in strict rules for building of schools
  • Relaxed the one child policy
50
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: Cause?

A

An earthquake of the west coast of Sumatra

51
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: magnitude?

A

9.1

52
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: how high were some of the waves?

A

30m

53
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: how many people killed?

A

230,000

54
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: how many homeless?

A

1.7 million

55
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: How many people needed emergency food, medicine and water?

A

5-6 million

56
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: what economic damage was there?

A

Millions of fishermen lost their livelihods, tourism industry suffered because of the destruction and because people were afraid to go on holiday there

57
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: What environmental damage was there?

A
  • Salt from the seawater meant plants can’t grow in mant areas
  • Mangroves, coral reefs, forests and sand dunes were destroyed by the waves
58
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: Short term responses?

A

Within days hundereds of millions of pounds had been pledged by foreign governments, charities, individuals and businesses to give survivors access to food, water, shelter and medical attention

Foreign countries sent ships, planes, soldiers and teams of specialists to help rescue people, distribute food and water and begin clearing up

59
Q

Indian Ocean Tsunami: Long-term responses?

A
  • Billions of pounds have been pledged to help re-build the infrastructure of the countries affected
  • Programmes have been set up to rebuilt houses and help people get back to work
  • A tsunami warning system has been put in place in the Indian Ocean
  • Disaster management plans have been put in place in some countries. Volunteers have been trained so that local people know what to do if a tsunami happens again

My Geography (14 decks)

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