Human Rights👩🏽✅ 7.2

Question 1

Describe inter-regional economic globalisation leading to new source areas

Answer 1

• migration of highly skilled workers from China, India, Brazil to USA - attracted by high salaries & quality of life
• migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan to oil-producing Gulf States & Saudi Arabia - attracted by increased labour demand, relatively high wages, improved transport & communications

Question 2

Describe intra-regional economic globalisation leading to new source areas

Answer 2

• increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states
  —> migration of low-skilled migrants from Myanmar & Cambodia to fast-growing economies of Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia - seeking employment better wages
• return migration = high migrant flow proportion within EU - eg young workers while achieved their pre-planned economic goals after 2 years - return to more prestigious positions in their home country

Question 3

Why is there a high concentration of young workers?

Answer 3

• mainly economic reasons: greater employment opportunities,higher wages, remittance possibility
• demand for workers in Middle East eg Saudi Arabia - young labour driven migration - flows in these counties = dominated by young males, many working in construction, majority = low-skilled - uneducated beyond primary level

Question 4

Why is there a high concentration of female migrants

Answer 4

• 21st century - increase in female migrants - due to: greater independence, freedom, status, increasing importance as main income earners
• growing trend of migration of highly skilled women - tertiary educated women within OECD counties increased by 80% - main destinations eg USA & Canada - counties where there’s less discrimination & women’s rights are better respected

Question 5

Why are South-South corridor flows now equalling South-North corridor flows?

Answer 5

• increase in refugees fleeing persecution/conflict - eg 2 million migrated from Afghanistan to Pakistan
• restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from south entering north - so they redirect migration to another south country
• fast-growing economies in the south - increasingly accessible & offer employment opportunities
• increased opportunity awareness due to social media
• costs of moving & travelling to richer counties

Question 6

South-South Corridor eg Burkina Faso —> Ivory Coast

Answer 6

• Burkina Faso: landlocked, low-income country, south bordered by:
• Ivory Coast: middle-income country - world’s largest cocoa exporter
• main low is from Burkina Faso to the Ivory Coast, due to:
• employment opportunities & higher wages in cocoa & coffee plantations
• opportunities for migrant farmers in more fertile Ivory Coast land
• former French colonial administration of both counties - share language, currency & cultural system - easier integration

Question 7

How have conflict & persecution increased refugee numbers?

Answer 7

• UNHCR - worldwide refugee number increased from 16 million, 2012 to 20 million, 2014
• Syria = largest refugee source: Syrian crisis - civil war began March 2011 - international displacement of 8 million people
  —> many refugees moved to Syria & Turkey - Kaboni, Syria - residents living in tented camps on the border waiting to return to their homes & farmland when the border has reopened
  —> others took longer journeys to Istanbul - Aksaray = neighbourhood where refugees live temporality while contacting & waiting for traffickers - Europe trip depends on their wealth - fake passport & flight or sea?

Question 8

What are the main reasons for globally increasing refugee numbers?

Answer 8

• effects of conflict - safety, loss of homes, seduce access, infrastructure & communication damage
• political persecution, human rights violations, discrimination
• economic hardship eg forced labour & modern slavery
• natural hazard impacts

Question 9

Which case study can be used to exemplify emigration policy changes?

Answer 9

Pakistan

Question 10

Which case study can be used to exemplify immigration policy changes?

Answer 10

Canada

Question 11

Pakistan (emigration policy)

Answer 11

• government= pro-immigration
• Pakistan National Emigration Policy - includes the following requirements:
• positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment
• social network support & associations abroad - Pakistani diaspora
• establishment of training institutions to help Pakistani youth prepare for working abroad
• economic remittance enhancements & skills of returning migrants

Question 12

Canada (immigration policy)

Answer 12

• 2015 - made changes to policy to address skills gap in labour market
• new policy = aimed at long-term requirements for engineers, IT specialists & healthcare workers
• point-based system - young, highly skilled workers = fast-tracked - 1/2 the necessary points can be awarded to migrant applicants with a permanent job offer
• short-term - Canada agreed to take 30,000 Syrian refugees - 2015 over 3 year period

Question 13

What is bilateral migration & give an example of a bilateral corridor

Answer 13

• migrant flow between 2 counties

- eg between Mexico & USA - large, long-standing bilateral corridor

Question 14

How are strong bilateral corridors sustained?

Answer 14

• travel costs - related to proximity
• ease of access & communications between 2 counties
• efficiency & cost of sending remittances
• employment opportunity & wage differentials
• established diaspora communities & networks
• migration policy