Changing Spaces; Making Places🌅 5.3 Flashcards
How does income influence people’s lives?
Income + wealth = significant factors determining standard of living + quality of life
- higher incomes —> leads to greater choices but not necessarily better quality of life - longer work hours, longer commute, migration away from family
How is deprivation measured?
Multiple Deprivation Index —> 7 factors used to give overall measure:
- income
- health
- employment
- education
- crime
- housing & service access
- loving environment
- Lower Layer Super Output Areas = ranked
What the are factors determining standard of living + quality of life?
- housing quality
- health standards + access to facilities
- education standards
- income levels
- access to leisure facilities, open spaces etc
How to measure income/wealth/employment + why varies?
Gini Coefficient —> used to measure inequality income - larger the number the more unequal income levels are
Absolute poverty - living on less than $1.25 a day
Relative poverty - earning less than 60% of UK median income
Varies: low incomes linked to ill-health, low educational attainment, poor access to services,
Key factor = disposable incomes
How to measure housing + why varies?
Housing tenure - owner occupiers or tenants renting from a landlord
Varies: if a household has a low income, there is less choice or housing, poorer housing quality + overcrowding
How to measure education + why varies?
Literacy levels = measure of ability to read + write to basic level - gives indication of inequality in education - clear contrasts between LIDCs + ACs
Varies: education access in rural regions LIDCs = huge issue - differing access to education causes huge inequalities
Achieving universal primary education - Millennium Development Goal
How to measure health care + why varies?
Number of health care professionals - measure of number of doctors per 1000 people
Health care access + ill-health levels = associated with poverty & social inequality
Varies: uneven distribution of health services - access to medical services - uneven in rural areas - difficult to access for elderly, those without cars or public transport
How to measure employment + why varies?
If a household includes a recipient of regular income —> unemployment + wages
Give examples of varying access to services
- affects standard of living + quality of life - huge inequalities between ACs, EDCs + LIDCs - 1 measure = number of doctors per 1000 people - Norway(AC) - 4, Brazil(EDC) - 2, Kenya(LIDC) - below 1
- national scale - core - more investment & availability of services + periphery regions - limited access + services
- internet access - UK - contrasts between rural + urban broadband speeds - China + North Korea - limit access to internet services
What is the role of globalisation in economic change?
- Global shift = consequence of globalisation - relocation of manufacturing at a global scale
- Newly Industrialising countries (East Asia + Latin America) - containerisation + bulk handling decreased relative costs - contributing to locational changes
- economic restructuring led to loss in primary + secondary sectors & growth of tertiary + quaternary sectors
Describe the impacts of structural economic change on people + places
- economic restructuring led to deindustrialisation - chains job losses in ACs - skills needed for heavy industry weren’t transferable to growing service sector
- unemployment caused ill-health in concentrated inner city neighbourhoods - Toxteth
- globalisation has enabled firms to specialise in specific areas where they have a comparative advantage eg Sellafield, Cumbria - EU’s largest high-tech employment in nuclear industry
Give positive impacts of economic change - ACs
- cheaper imports of labour intensive products keeps living costs down
- loss of mining + manufacturing leads to improved environmental quality
Give positive impacts of economic change - EDCs + LIDCs
- reduces negative trade balances
- exposure of new technology, skill improvement + labour productivity
Give negative impacts of economic change - ACs
- job losses of unskilled workers
- rising job exports lead to inevitable job losses as well as competition-driven changes in technology
Give negative impacts of economic change - EDCs + LIDCs
- can destabilise food supplies as people give up agriculture
- unlikely to decrease inequality - more jobs concentrated in core region of urban areas - may promote in-migration
