Human Rights👩🏽✅ 7.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the UNFPA, how may people live outside their country of origin (what %)?

A

2015 - 244 million - 3.3% of world’s pop.

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2
Q

What are the 3 differing scales of international migration?

A
  • between neighbouring countries in Europe eg Germany + France
  • across the globe eg UK + Australia
  • between major global regions eg Africa + Europe
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3
Q

What is the international migration equation?

A

Population change = (births - deaths) +/- international migration

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4
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for UK born residents to move abroad?

A
  • 2013 - 5.1 million UK-born residents moved abroad
  • employment opportunities: - mainly working age individuals
  • retirement: - large number were retirement age - high UK house prices enable many to sell up & live more cheaply abroad
  • family reunification - moving to join other relatives overseas
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5
Q

Give an example of an inter-regional (between regions eg Africa & Europe) migrant flow

A
  • 1000s risked their lives fleeing conflict & instability in Africa & Middle East
  • travel to Italy across desert areas, across boats & small vessels in Mediterranean by traffickers - IOM - 3000 died at sea in 2014
  • 1 migration route = from Libyan ports to Lampedusa (Italy’s most southerly point)
  • migrant number increase in 2015 - issue for Italy’s border control & Frontex as well as charities & NGOs concerned with migrant welfare
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6
Q

Give an example of an intra-regional (within eg from 1 European country to another) migrant flow

A
  • 2012 - 1.7 million people resident in an EU country migrated to another EU country
  • further 1.7 moved from outside EU to inside EU countries
    —> due to recent EU expansion - most counties joining have a large proportion of working pop. seeking employment - attracted by higher wages elsewhere within EU
  • eg Polish accession to EU, 2004 - immigration wave to UK - poles attracted by greater living standards, better employment opportunities & ease of return - UK migrants in Poland - potential business market & better quality of life due to lower living cost
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7
Q

Describe the aspects of a Lee Migration Model & give examples

A
  • push factors: negative factors operating in a migrants current location eg war, unstable government, poor education
  • pull factors: perceived advantages of a potential destination which attract migrants eg employ opportunity, higher wages, better education
  • intervening obstacles: cost, traffickers, modern slavery, forced labour, language, health, transport, oceans
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8
Q

Describe the relationship between international migration patterns & socio-economic development

A
  • close relationship between migration & development - migration can be a positive process for stability, economic growth & socio-economic change
  • statistical measure of the links = migrant remittances - LIDCs & EDCs they represent a higher proportion of GDP - so are of greater significance to their economy
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9
Q

How does global migration promote stability, growth & development in countries through flows of people, money, ideas & technology?

A
  • monetary transfers - migrant remittances - made easier & more efficient through the use of technology
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10
Q

How does global migration cause inequalities, conflicts & injustices in countries through flows of people, money, ideas & technology?

A

Areas of conflict & injustice eg’s:

  • human rights violations in detention camps for Myanmar refugees on Thai-Malaysian border
  • fence & high-tech surveillance at Bulgaria-Turkey border
  • ‘the jungle’, outside Calais - over 30,000 migrants
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11
Q

How does access to technology reflect low socio-economic development levels?

A
  • low & middle income counties lack skilled human resources & computer forensic tools required for satellite imagery, analysing digital data
  • government & military control of data & limited broadband speeds limits the work of civilian relief organisations
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12
Q

How does global migration promote stability between & within counties?

A
  • remittances - can contribute to economic stability to recipient country
  • retuning migrants - have new ideas & values regarding democracy & equality - contributes to peacekeeping
  • ageing pop. - youthful working age migrants create a more balanced age structure
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13
Q

How does global migration promote economic growth between & within counties?

A
  • migrants stimulate local economies in host countries
  • migrants fill gaps &shortages in labour market of host country - willing to work for less too
  • remittances can supplement household income - providing funds for local investment & stimulate local multiplier effect eg fish farms in Philippines
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14
Q

How does global migration promote development between & within counties?

A
  • skills, qualifications & knowledge gained by retuning migrants can benefit the country of origin
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15
Q

How does global migration cause inequalities between & within counties?

A
  • counties lose young & fittest element of labour force - contributes downward economic spiral
  • better educated migrate —> ‘brain drain’ - loss of human resources
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16
Q

How does global migration cause conflicts between & within counties?

A
  • social conflict between new comers & host communities - clash of language, religion, culture
  • migrants concentrated in the same area put pressure on services
  • international borders - conflict areas for border control, traffickers & illegal migrants
17
Q

How does global migration cause injustices between & within counties?

A
  • migrants = vulnerable to human rights violations eg forced labour, exploitation of women & children, human trafficking
  • asylum centre treatment - not allowed to work, meagre financial resources for basic necessities