Human Reproduction Flashcards
The male reproductive system (8)
- Testes
- Epididymis
- Vas deference
- Urethra
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Cowper’s glands
- Penis
The female reproductive system (3)
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
Testes (5)
- Primary male sex organ
- Enclosed in scrotum
- Divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules
- Seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium cells
- Germinal epithelium cells divide into sperm during spermatogenesis
- Testosterone is produces
Functions of the testes (2)
- Produce and release sperm
- Produce testosterone
Functions of the epididymis (2)
- Stores and matures sperm
- Secretes mucous membrane to facilitate the movement of sperm
Functions of the vas deferens
Transports sperm via peristaltic movements from the epididymis to the urethra
Function of the urethra
Transports both urine and sperm to the exterior
Semen
The seminal fluid secreted by the accessory glands together with sperm
Functions of the seminal vesicles
The secretion of the mucous membrane provides fructose, the main source of food for the sperm
Functions of the prostate gland (2)
It secretes prostate fluid that
> ensure maximum mobility of sperm
> protects sperm against the low pH in the urethra and vagina
Functions of the Cowper’s glands (3)
- Secretions contribute to the greater mobility of sperm
- Clears the urethra of urine residue
- Lubricates the head of the penis
Penis (3)
- Consists of a shaft and head region
- Erectile tissues in these columns become filled with blood
- Shaft has three columns of erectile tissue
Function of the penis
To transfer the sperm from the male to the female
Process of spermatogenesis (11)
Germinal epithelium (2n) Mitosis Spermatogonium (2n) Growth Primary Spermatocyte (2n) 1st meiotic division Two secondary spermatocytes (n) 2nd meiotic division Four spermatids (n) Growth and maturation Sperm (n)
Oogenesis
The formation of ova from the germinal epithelial cells
Process of Oogenesis (9)
Germinal epithelium (2n) Mitosis Oogonium (2n) Growth Primary oocyte (2n) 1st meiotic division Polar body and secondary oocyte 2nd meiotic division Three polar bodies and a fertilized ovum (if sperm)
Menstrual cycle
Consists of the ovarian and uterine cycles and lasts 28 days
Ovarian cycle (4)
- Pituitary releases FSH
- Primary follicle into mature Graafian follicle
- Rupturing of the follicle and the release of the implanted ovum in ovulation, stimulated by LH
- Formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone
Uterine cycle (5)
- A new endometrium builds up
- Ovulation takes place
- Oestrogen and progesterone thicken endometrium
- The endometrium is very thick. The unfertilised Ovum degenerates
- The endometrium is destroyed and discarded (menstruation)
Fertilisarion (6)
- copulation
- Sperm enter cervix, pass through uterus into fallopian tube
- Many sperm surround ovum, secret lytic enzymes to dissolve outside layer
- the head of one sperm penetrates membrane
- membrane become fertilised membrane, impenetrable
- haploid nucleus of the sperm fuses with haploid nucleaus of mature ovum, forming zygote
Birth control (6)
- The voluntary regulation of the number of births by preventing pregnancy
- Main methods
> Natural methods
> Barrier methods
> Chemical substances
> Surgical methods
Natural methods of birth control (2)
- Withdrawal
- Rhythm
Barrier methods of birth control (5)
- Male condom
- Female condom
- Cervical cap
- Diaphragm
- Intra-uterine device IUD
Chemical substances of birth control (3)
- Spermicides
- Contraceptive Pill
- Contraceptive injections
Surgical methods of birth control (2)
- Vasectomy
- Tubal ligation
