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Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

The male reproductive system (8)

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deference
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Cowper’s glands
  • Penis
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2
Q

The female reproductive system (3)

A
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
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3
Q

Testes (5)

A
  • Primary male sex organ
  • Enclosed in scrotum
  • Divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules
  • Seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium cells
  • Germinal epithelium cells divide into sperm during spermatogenesis
  • Testosterone is produces
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4
Q

Functions of the testes (2)

A
  • Produce and release sperm

- Produce testosterone

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5
Q

Functions of the epididymis (2)

A
  • Stores and matures sperm

- Secretes mucous membrane to facilitate the movement of sperm

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6
Q

Functions of the vas deferens

A

Transports sperm via peristaltic movements from the epididymis to the urethra

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7
Q

Function of the urethra

A

Transports both urine and sperm to the exterior

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8
Q

Semen

A

The seminal fluid secreted by the accessory glands together with sperm

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9
Q

Functions of the seminal vesicles

A

The secretion of the mucous membrane provides fructose, the main source of food for the sperm

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10
Q

Functions of the prostate gland (2)

A

It secretes prostate fluid that
> ensure maximum mobility of sperm
> protects sperm against the low pH in the urethra and vagina

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11
Q

Functions of the Cowper’s glands (3)

A
  • Secretions contribute to the greater mobility of sperm
  • Clears the urethra of urine residue
  • Lubricates the head of the penis
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12
Q

Penis (3)

A
  • Consists of a shaft and head region
  • Erectile tissues in these columns become filled with blood
  • Shaft has three columns of erectile tissue
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13
Q

Function of the penis

A

To transfer the sperm from the male to the female

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14
Q

Process of spermatogenesis (11)

A 
Germinal epithelium (2n)
Mitosis 
Spermatogonium (2n)
Growth 
Primary Spermatocyte (2n)
1st meiotic division 
Two secondary spermatocytes (n)
2nd meiotic division
Four spermatids (n)
Growth and maturation
Sperm (n)
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15
Q

Oogenesis

A

The formation of ova from the germinal epithelial cells

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16
Q

Process of Oogenesis (9)

A 
Germinal epithelium (2n)
Mitosis
Oogonium (2n) 
Growth 
Primary oocyte (2n)
1st meiotic division
Polar body and secondary oocyte
2nd meiotic division
Three polar bodies and a fertilized ovum (if sperm)
17
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Consists of the ovarian and uterine cycles and lasts 28 days

18
Q

Ovarian cycle (4)

A
  • Pituitary releases FSH
  • Primary follicle into mature Graafian follicle
  • Rupturing of the follicle and the release of the implanted ovum in ovulation, stimulated by LH
  • Formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone
19
Q

Uterine cycle (5)

A
  • A new endometrium builds up
  • Ovulation takes place
  • Oestrogen and progesterone thicken endometrium
  • The endometrium is very thick. The unfertilised Ovum degenerates
  • The endometrium is destroyed and discarded (menstruation)
20
Q

Fertilisarion (6)

A
  • copulation
  • Sperm enter cervix, pass through uterus into fallopian tube
  • Many sperm surround ovum, secret lytic enzymes to dissolve outside layer
  • the head of one sperm penetrates membrane
  • membrane become fertilised membrane, impenetrable
  • haploid nucleus of the sperm fuses with haploid nucleaus of mature ovum, forming zygote
21
Q

Birth control (6)

A
  • The voluntary regulation of the number of births by preventing pregnancy
  • Main methods
    > Natural methods
    > Barrier methods
    > Chemical substances
    > Surgical methods
22
Q

Natural methods of birth control (2)

A
  • Withdrawal

- Rhythm

23
Q

Barrier methods of birth control (5)

A
  • Male condom
  • Female condom
  • Cervical cap
  • Diaphragm
  • Intra-uterine device IUD
24
Q

Chemical substances of birth control (3)

A
  • Spermicides
  • Contraceptive Pill
  • Contraceptive injections
25
Q

Surgical methods of birth control (2)

A
  • Vasectomy

- Tubal ligation

Biology (10 decks)

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