Genetics And Genetic Engineering

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The study of heredity and variation in living organisms

Question 2

Hereditary characteristics

Answer 2

Transferred by gametes

Question 3

Genome

Answer 3

The complete set of genes of a particular organism

Question 4

True breeding

Answer 4

When self pollination occurs and all offspring have the same characteristics of the parent plant.

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

Alternative forms of the same gene

Question 6

Locus

Answer 6

The specific position a gene occupies on the chromosome

Question 7

Dominant allele

Answer 7

When one allele of a gene pair can mask another

Question 8

Recessive allele

Answer 8

The allele that is masked and not visibly expressed in an organism

Question 9

Mendel’s Law of Dominance

Answer 9

If two alleles are different, only the dominant one will be expressed

Question 10

Geotype

Answer 10

The composition of the gene pair for a specific trait

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

The observable characteristics of an organism

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

When the two alleles for a specific trait are the same

Question 13

Heterozygous

Answer 13

When the two alleles for a specific trait are different

Question 14

Mendel’s Law of Segrigation

Answer 14

During meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs separate, so each gamete only receives one allele of a gene

Question 15

Monohybrid cross

Answer 15

A cross where only one hereditary characteristic is investigated at a time

Question 16

Complete dominance

Answer 16

When two homozygous plants are crossed, and all the first generation plants share the same dominant characteristics

Question 17

Sex-linked genes

Answer 17

The genes carried by the gonosomes

Question 18

Sex-linked disorders (2)

Answer 18

• Red-Green colour blindness

- Haemophilia

Question 19

Natural selection

Answer 19

The mechanism by which the environment determines which individuals are best suited to survive

Question 20

Beneficial mutations

Answer 20

The development of new alleles that could favour adaptation to a changing environment

Question 21

Kinds of gene mutations (3)

Answer 21

• Beneficial mutations
• Neutral mutations
• Harmful mutations

Question 22

Examples of harmful mutations (2)

Answer 22

• Albinism

- Sickle-cell anaemia

Question 23

Impact of the Human Genome Project (4)

Answer 23

• Provide a basis for research
• More accurate diagnosis
• Predict the risk of disease
• Reduce costs of medical care

Question 24

Genetic engineering

Answer 24

The sirect manipulation of the genes in an organism

Question 25

Transgenic organism

Answer 25

The organism receiving the gene from another organism

Question 26

Process of genetic engineering (4)

Answer 26

• The relevant gene is identified and cut from a healthy cell
• The isolated gene is places into the defective cell by a bacterium or virus
• It becomes integrated into the organisms genome
• The correct protein is synthesised, and the desired phenotype is shown

Question 27

Recombinant DNA

Answer 27

The formation of the new DNA sequence in the recipient cell

Question 28

Importance of GMO’s (4)

Answer 28

• Synthesis of medical drugs
• Cloning
• Production of new crops
• Stem cell reaserch

Question 29

Importance of genetic engineering in medicine (2)

Answer 29

• The production of artificial hormones

- The production of vaccines

Question 30

Advantages of GMO’s (6)

Answer 30

• Larger, better yields, and stronger crops
• Cheaper
• Healthier, reduced pesticide use
• Improved crops produced
• Survival in unfavourable conditions
• Use of bacteria more ethically acceptable than lab animals

Question 31

Disadvantages of GMO’s (6)

Answer 31

• Questions of negative health effects in humans
• Decreases biodiversity
• Undesired effect on other organisms
• Cost of modified seeds can increase
• Coat of biotechnology high
• Eithics