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Biology > Environmental Studies > Flashcards

Environmental Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Population ecology

A

The factors influencing the population size, growth rate, growth forms and distribution of individuals inside a population

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2
Q

Individual

A

A single organism that forms part of a species

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3
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics. which produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species that are found in a particular area and can crossbreed freely

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5
Q

Community

A

A group of populations occurring in a particular area

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

A unit of plant and animal communities in interaction with each other as well as with the non-living factors in a particular area

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7
Q

Environment

A

The external factors, living and non-living, surrounding an organism and influencing its development and survival

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8
Q

Habitat

A

The specific environment in which a plant or animal species normally occurs

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9
Q

Population size

A

The total number of individuals in a population

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10
Q

Population density

A

The number of individuals of a population per unit area

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11
Q

Population Parameters

A

Natality
Mortality
Immigration
Emigration

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12
Q

Determining population size

A
  • Direct technique > Census

- Indirect technique > Mark-recapture/Quadrant

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13
Q

Environmental resistnace

A

All limiting factors that prevent unlimited growth in a population

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14
Q

Examples of limiting factors

A
  • Shortage of food and water
  • Shortage of living space
  • Shortage fo shelter
  • Predation
  • Disease and parasitism
  • Accumulation of toxins
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15
Q

Population growth forms

A
  • Geometric J-shaped

- Logistic S-shaped

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16
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals that a specific environment can sustain

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17
Q

Stable population

A

A population whos numbers fluctuate around the carrying capacity

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18
Q

Migration

A

When a population moves from its original habitat and returns later

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19
Q

Density dependent factors

A

Limiting factors that increase or take effect when the population numbers increase

20
Q

Density independent factors

A

Factors that regulate population size regardless of the size or density of the population

21
Q

Culling

A

The selective killing of wild animals when their numbers exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat

22
Q

Trophic level

A

The position an organism or group of organisms occupies in the food chain

23
Q

Producers

A

All green plants that are able to photosynthesis and thus produce their own food

24
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that cannot produce their own food, and are directly or indirectly dependent on hte producers or other consumers for their food

25
Q

Primary consumers

A

Herbivores

Omnivores

26
Q

Secondary consumers

A

Carnivores eating primary consumers
Scavengers
Omnivores

27
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

Carnivores eating secondary consumers

28
Q

Decomposers

A

Bacteria and fungi that feed on dead organic material

29
Q

Five community interactions

A
  • Predation
  • Competition
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
30
Q

Predator adaptions

A
  • Agility
  • Great speed
  • Intensified sense of sight and smell
  • Sharp teeth and claws
  • Good camouflage
31
Q

Prey adaptions

A
  • Herding
  • Good camouflage
  • Warning colouration
  • Ability to secrete poisonous substances
32
Q

Resource partitioning

A

When the same resources are used differently by two species in the same habitat, allowing for co-existance

33
Q

Types of resource partitioning

A
  • Different times
  • Different parts
  • Different habitats
34
Q

Ecological succession

A

The sequence of communitites, where one community replaces another over time, resulting in long-term changes in the ecosystem

35
Q

Primary succession

A

When plants and animals settle for the first time in a new habitat that previously had no life

36
Q

Secondary succession

A

When plants and animals settle in a new habitat disrupted by human activities

37
Q

Human population growth

A

J-shaped

38
Q

Reasons for human growth

A
  • Medical advances

- Agricultural advances

39
Q

Age structure distribution

A

Number of individuals per age group in a specific population
> pre-reproductive group
> reproductive group
> post-reproductive group

40
Q

Gender distribution

A

The population ratio of male individuals to female individuals

41
Q

Population pyramids

A
  • Rapid population growth
  • Stable population growth
  • Negative population growth
42
Q

Ecological footpring

A

The amount of bioogically productive land and water required to regenerate the resources consumed by the human population, and to absorb and detoxify the human waste produced

43
Q

Biocapacity

A

The amount of land and water available on earth to provide resources and absorb waste

44
Q

Conservation

A

The protection of endangered plant and animal species

45
Q

Sustainability

A

To meet current needs without adversely affecting the survival of other species or future generations

Biology (10 decks)

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