HUMAN - Regenerating Places Flashcards
People’s attitudes to local areas
Engagement can be measured in 2 main ways:
•By local and national election turnout + the development + support for local community groups
E.g. increased political engagement reflects increased mobilisation of minority groups- legalisation of same-sex marriage in 2013 increased engagement in Vauxhall
•Can depend on “lived experience”
Why does engagement vary?
AGE: 18.7% of Cornwall’s population is over 65, compared to 14.2% nationally. This means there are more people to spend time in community activities. Older people are also more likely to vote in elections
GENDER: More women engage in community work
TIME: Cornwall has a low rate of ‘short-term residents’ when compared with national average. This means that people stay for a long time and are more likely to be invested in area
ETHNICITY: In some cultures (such as Bangladeshi) the sense of community organisation and engagement is much stronger
Why has there been debates over identity of areas?
- Globalisation permeated every aspect of everyday life affecting friendship groups, culture, music, food etc
- Political devolution
- Increased economic migration
- Impact of consumer culture
Explain the dependence between rural and urban people
- People in rural areas depend on towns for key services: including specialised healthcare, higher education + leisure. Commuter villages + towns may also depend on urban areas for employment
- Urban people rely on countryside for food and non-food products + value of landscape
- Urban dwellers may have more power than rural in democracy
- Urban dwellers may feel attachment and engagement to rural areas usually through tourism + visits rather than lived reality.
Conflict over regeneration
Process is top-down. Designed by planners, developers and local or national government
•Most schemes are based on economic motives. Even housing projects are usually based on sales + land values, rather than social housing
Inequality is also powerful factor, where locals feel only high income earners will benefit - especially in the case of studentification
Local government initiatives to attract inward investment
By encouraging innovation
ENTERPRISE ZONES: areas which provide tax breaks to firms. Since April 2012-have attracted £2.4bn of private sector investment, laying down foundations for success of 635 businesses. + nearly 24,000 jobs
BENEFITS: up to 100% business rate discount
•simplified planning permission
•Gov support to ensure super fast broadband is rolled out throughout
•100% enhanced capital allowances (tax relief) to large investors
TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES:
•driving force of economies, as they unlock key development sites, infrastructure, attract jobs
TO UK ECONOMY:
•foreign investment
•long term sustainable growth based on cutting edge tech + enterprise
Gov deregulation + immigration policies
DEREGULATION: 86’, allowed anyone be able to trade on stock market + removed barriers preventing overseas banks setting up offices
•Also allows foreign investors. Results shows - UK banking, finance + business sector (represents 30% of GDP)
IMMIGRATION: in 92’, UK joined single market-allowing free movement of labour in EU.
How do governments play a central role in regen?
- General planning laws - how the land is used.
- Restrictions on house building targets + house affordability, e.g. estate housing or right to buy schemes
- Permission for fracking - This process causes opposition
Types of regeneration strategy
TECHNOLOGY LED: to attract investment
INFRASTRUCTURE: to drive economic growth (Heathrow, park + ride)
SPORT, ART, CULTURE: to attract investment + funding (Olympic park)
RETAIL LED REGEN: (Liverpol ONE)
MARKETING HERITAGE: for tourism (titanic quarter in Belfast)
The positive multiplier effect
Regen often involves spending huge sums of money to reinvigorate the local economy, to help start ups, create jobs - on the other hand, high quality living spaces improve the reputation of the area and this makes an area more appealing and attractive and brings inward investment - POSITIVE MULTIPLIER
Measurements of regen projects
ECONOMIC: income, poverty, employment
SOCIAL PROGRESS: reduction in inequality + deprivation, demographic changes (incr life expectancy)
LIVING ENVIRONMENT: reduced pollution levels + reduction in abandoned + derelict land
Private sector investment
Public sector
Public-Private
Westfield (PRIVATE)
•has created 10,000 jobs. An AUS property company borrowed £700m to build the shopping centre
•annual turnover was £1bn
PUBLIC SECTOR:
•2012 olympics - cost=£9.3m, recovered through ticketing etc.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE:
London Docklands involved partnership between gov and property developers. Gov regarded the costs as an econ investment
Key players in Cornwall regeneration
EU: funding (Obj ONE) since 1999
LOCAL GOV: public sector is Cornwall’s largest employer. Cornwall council offers rebates on business taxes as part of its Enterprise Zone at Newquay
STAKEHOLDERS IN LOCAL ECONOMY:
•banks have cut investment since recession.
STAKEHOLDERS IN PEOPLE:
•education plays a role. Includes use of combined universities project
ENVIRONMENTAL S:
•Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery. The national trust are invested in protection
Reimaging
Re-imaging disassociates a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation, high levels of crime, environmental pollution and industrial dereliction
•it can attract new investment, retailing, tourists and residents