HUMAN - Regenerating Places Flashcards

1
Q

People’s attitudes to local areas

A

Engagement can be measured in 2 main ways:
•By local and national election turnout + the development + support for local community groups
E.g. increased political engagement reflects increased mobilisation of minority groups- legalisation of same-sex marriage in 2013 increased engagement in Vauxhall
•Can depend on “lived experience”

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2
Q

Why does engagement vary?

A

AGE: 18.7% of Cornwall’s population is over 65, compared to 14.2% nationally. This means there are more people to spend time in community activities. Older people are also more likely to vote in elections
GENDER: More women engage in community work
TIME: Cornwall has a low rate of ‘short-term residents’ when compared with national average. This means that people stay for a long time and are more likely to be invested in area
ETHNICITY: In some cultures (such as Bangladeshi) the sense of community organisation and engagement is much stronger

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3
Q

Why has there been debates over identity of areas?

A
  • Globalisation permeated every aspect of everyday life affecting friendship groups, culture, music, food etc
  • Political devolution
  • Increased economic migration
  • Impact of consumer culture
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4
Q

Explain the dependence between rural and urban people

A
  • People in rural areas depend on towns for key services: including specialised healthcare, higher education + leisure. Commuter villages + towns may also depend on urban areas for employment
  • Urban people rely on countryside for food and non-food products + value of landscape
  • Urban dwellers may have more power than rural in democracy
  • Urban dwellers may feel attachment and engagement to rural areas usually through tourism + visits rather than lived reality.
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5
Q

Conflict over regeneration

A

Process is top-down. Designed by planners, developers and local or national government
•Most schemes are based on economic motives. Even housing projects are usually based on sales + land values, rather than social housing
Inequality is also powerful factor, where locals feel only high income earners will benefit - especially in the case of studentification

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6
Q

Local government initiatives to attract inward investment

A

By encouraging innovation
ENTERPRISE ZONES: areas which provide tax breaks to firms. Since April 2012-have attracted £2.4bn of private sector investment, laying down foundations for success of 635 businesses. + nearly 24,000 jobs
BENEFITS: up to 100% business rate discount
•simplified planning permission
•Gov support to ensure super fast broadband is rolled out throughout
•100% enhanced capital allowances (tax relief) to large investors
TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES:
•driving force of economies, as they unlock key development sites, infrastructure, attract jobs
TO UK ECONOMY:
•foreign investment
•long term sustainable growth based on cutting edge tech + enterprise

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7
Q

Gov deregulation + immigration policies

A

DEREGULATION: 86’, allowed anyone be able to trade on stock market + removed barriers preventing overseas banks setting up offices
•Also allows foreign investors. Results shows - UK banking, finance + business sector (represents 30% of GDP)

IMMIGRATION: in 92’, UK joined single market-allowing free movement of labour in EU.

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8
Q

How do governments play a central role in regen?

A
  • General planning laws - how the land is used.
  • Restrictions on house building targets + house affordability, e.g. estate housing or right to buy schemes
  • Permission for fracking - This process causes opposition
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9
Q

Types of regeneration strategy

A

TECHNOLOGY LED: to attract investment
INFRASTRUCTURE: to drive economic growth (Heathrow, park + ride)
SPORT, ART, CULTURE: to attract investment + funding (Olympic park)
RETAIL LED REGEN: (Liverpol ONE)
MARKETING HERITAGE: for tourism (titanic quarter in Belfast)

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10
Q

The positive multiplier effect

A

Regen often involves spending huge sums of money to reinvigorate the local economy, to help start ups, create jobs - on the other hand, high quality living spaces improve the reputation of the area and this makes an area more appealing and attractive and brings inward investment - POSITIVE MULTIPLIER

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11
Q

Measurements of regen projects

A

ECONOMIC: income, poverty, employment
SOCIAL PROGRESS: reduction in inequality + deprivation, demographic changes (incr life expectancy)
LIVING ENVIRONMENT: reduced pollution levels + reduction in abandoned + derelict land

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12
Q

Private sector investment
Public sector
Public-Private

A

Westfield (PRIVATE)
•has created 10,000 jobs. An AUS property company borrowed £700m to build the shopping centre
•annual turnover was £1bn
PUBLIC SECTOR:
•2012 olympics - cost=£9.3m, recovered through ticketing etc.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE:
London Docklands involved partnership between gov and property developers. Gov regarded the costs as an econ investment

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13
Q

Key players in Cornwall regeneration

A

EU: funding (Obj ONE) since 1999
LOCAL GOV: public sector is Cornwall’s largest employer. Cornwall council offers rebates on business taxes as part of its Enterprise Zone at Newquay
STAKEHOLDERS IN LOCAL ECONOMY:
•banks have cut investment since recession.
STAKEHOLDERS IN PEOPLE:
•education plays a role. Includes use of combined universities project
ENVIRONMENTAL S:
•Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery. The national trust are invested in protection

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14
Q

Reimaging

A

Re-imaging disassociates a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation, high levels of crime, environmental pollution and industrial dereliction
•it can attract new investment, retailing, tourists and residents

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