Exam Q's PAPER 2 Flashcards
(GLOBALISATION and SUPERPOWERS)
Why does globalisation result in cultural erosion in some parts of the world? (4 marks)
- TNC’s bring in new products which often include western cultural ideas, which can push out local industries, resulting in gradual disappearance of traditional ways.
- Joining global production chains, leads to environmental changes/pollution, which can result in loss of natural habitats, which can finish traditional practices for Hunter/gatherer communities
- Spread of western/Americanisation
Assess the impacts of TNCs on creating both winners and losers for people and environments (12 marks)
WINNERS (People):
•supply chains reduced, people can easily access products - better transport systems
•TNCs can bring improved infrastructure + better food supply
•Econ benefits=better healthcare, education and protection of indigenous
WINNERS (Environmental)
•more awareness can be spread + development of eco technology
LOSERS (People)
•poor working conditions + can force out smaller shops - commuter villages
•job loss leads to deindustrialisation (e.g. Detroit) and falling incomes
LOSERS (Environmental)
•loss of biodiversity due to tar sands + contamination, deforestation etc.
Explain why defence spending is crucial to the development of superpower status (4 marks)
Defence is critical to exercise of hard power as it enables territorial expansion and/or protection of current territory, which in turn brings wealth through acquisition of new resources, allowing maintenance/growth of economy
•Also allows solid borders and protection of natural resources
Assess extent to which superpowers rising demand for physical resources has led to environmental and political challenges (12 marks)
AO2:
•Fracking, oil shale exploitation and deep water oil drilling are examples of physical resource/environmental challenges
•Superpowers use both soft+hard power to establish control of resources (US in Iraq, China in Angola) & this results in tensions
•Maintenance of political growth will inevitably lead to environmental change, much being negative through increased consumption (e.g. incr car ownership in China) but also the extraction of necessary resources to manufacture those resources.
(Regenerating places)
Explain why different groups would have contrasting views about regenerating vacant land in cities (6 marks)
- People around that vacant land could see an increase in house/rent prices as regen could bring higher class people to the area
- Regen projects are generally top-down and thus controlled by local and national govs
- Regen projects will often involve high levels of public consultation but not all local groups are likely to feel engaged
- Strategies may involve leisure, retail, commercial + residential schemes on public/private partnerships with the development industry
Explain the importance of rebranding to the success of rural regeneration (20m)
AO1: different groups measure success by their own lives experience and ties
•most rural regen is built around diversification of rural employment whilst protecting sensitive areas of rural environment
AO2: rebranding along wont bring significant change - visitors need facilities/infrastructure to cater for them, like good roads
•rebranding could stress an areas rurality, and remoteness - this could deter some types of inward investment
•planning restrictions (national parks) that emphasise rural heritage will restrict growth of industrial employment
•greater visitor volumes could be seen negatively by locals
•Rebranding could lead to 2nd home owners
Explain the role of global orgs in managing global economy (8 marks)
- WTO regulates global trade + promotes capitalism. Helps remove tariffs between counties
- IMF operates as a lender since 70s
- WB promotes development strategies that are concentrated historically on large, top-down projects often with lending from IMF
- WTO promotes free trade in attempt to increase global output
- Rules of WTO bind countries to agreements to reduce tariff quotas and obstacles to free trade
Explain how levels of globalisation can be measured using different indicators (6 marks)
KOF Index:
•measures economic, social and political criteria and compares countries annually, therefore allowing trends to be identified
•it uses a large number of indices conveying a range of factors so helps to represent a country’s globalisation
KEARNEY INDEX:
•measures different features, e.g. global services location, global cities index. Other indicators include: membership of Trade Blocs or IGOs
Explain how globalisation may result in exploitation of the environment in developing countries (6 marks)
- Regulations May be less stringently enforced in developing countries, leading to higher levels of pollution
- G also increases the length of production chains: each stage and transport between them can cause air pollution
- Pollution causes problems to ecosystems and people’s health
Asses the extent to which cultural diffusion caused by G inevitably leads to social and political tension (12 marks)
Westernisation-younger people may be more exposed (internet and education) therefore creating tensions with older members
•Can lead to restrictions like in China with the firewall and Cuba which only recently opened its door to capitalism - as by opening up to globalisation it can cause a loss of power for leaders
(REGENERATING PLACES)
Explain 2 reasons why there are variations in attachment to rural places (4m)
1: length of stay/heritage. They may have always lived there
2: seasonal residents/2nd home owners have an idealised perception of the area
Explain the consequences of a decline in rural services
Can lead to deprivation like in Cornwall
•can lead to build up of commuter villages as people go to out of town large stores
•brain drains due to a lack of jobs and services
•isolation for residents. Lack of access to doctor/dentists can lead to poorer health
•increase cost of living in rural areas as more money has to be spent on transport + more expensive deliveries or online companies
