CASE STUDYS - HUMAN Flashcards
(GLOBALISATION)
NAFTA & ASEAN
NAFTA: North American free trade agreement
•All tariffs to be phased out in 10 years
ASEAN: Southeast Asian nations
•1967, worked to eliminate fees on favour of free trade
•Helped Indonesia’s manufacturing industries to thrive
•Members pledged to not have nuclear weapons
INDIA & CHINA: Switched on
INDIA: 2m English speaking graduates a year
•23 billionaires
•Positive image, cricket, Bollywood
•Tech skills - lots of highly qualified people in businesses
•Gov open to FDI & TNCs
CHINA: Positive image - 08’ Olympics
•Gov backing, open door policy
•Chesp freight-low prices of transport enable TNCs to outsource
CHINA - GLOBAL SHIFT
ECONOMIC:
•2nd largest economy
•Produces 50% computers, 60% bikes, 55% shoes
•8% growth rate in last 50 yrs
OPEN DOOR POLICY:
•78’ Deng Xiaoping allowed China to embrace globalisation
•In next 30 yrs - 300m moved to cities
HOW DID GOV ATTRACT FDI:
•Cheap labour, good transport + infrastructure
CONSEQUENCES:
•16/20 most polluted cities
•400,000 a yr die due to air
•Male literacy = 6.1%, female = 15.9%
UNESCO: UN Educational scientific cultural org
Preserves cultural & natural heritage sites around the world
AIMS: Provides assistance for sites in danger
•Encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural & natural heritage
•Encourage international co-operation in the conservation of our worlds cultural & natural heritage
(SUPERPOWERS)
BRITISH EMPIRE: Unipolar
-By 1920, Britain ruled over 20% of population
-Royal Navy dominated world oceans protection for colonies
COLONIAL INDIA:
-Educated Indians occupied lower Admin jobs
-Social order segregated between white British and Indians
BRIC STRENGTHS
BRAZIL: Has huge supply of natural resources, largest rainforests
•Culturally influential-2016 olympics, 2014 World Cup
•Hi-Tech industry exports
RUSSIA: Large arms industry, valued at $15.7m
•Growth of GDP, in 2015 economy was 6th in the world
•Permanent seat of UN Security Council
INDIA: Possesses 80 nuclear warheads
•1.4m active military personnel
•Spent $50bn on military in 2016
•125m can speak English, 20m in higher education
CHINA: GDP forecast to be $22trillion in 2020
•Modern infrastructure, high speed rail
BRIC WEAKNESSES
BRAZIL: Huge deforestation problem in Amazon
•12.9m unemployed
•Deepest economic decline on record
•Lowest GDP of BRIC nations
RUSSIA: Heavily dependant on natural resources
•Economy grew only 0.6% in 2014
•Deep recession in 2015 due to dropped oil prices
INDIA: Poor energy links
•Highest amount of poverty - 22% of pop
CHINA: Will soon have ageing pop due to one child policy
•400,000 deaths each yr from air
•Tense relationships with Taiwan + N.Korea
•Rising wages, less attractive to TNCs
G20: Influence
Worlds largest 19 countries plus the EU
•Account for 85% of world trade
•85% of GDP
•65% of worlds population
The future of the EU
- 28 members rarely agree of decisions
- EU economy has been weak since 2008
- Has an ageing pop, putting pressure on social costs + pensions
- Brexit means that EU will lose one of biggest players (UK holds 17% of total GDP)
WORLD BANK
IMF
WEF
WTO
WORLD BANK-
•Make development loans to developing countries
•Promote exports, trade, industrialisation
•Developed world TNC’s reap much of the benefit
IMF- Promotes global economic security & stability
•Assists countries to reform economies (often allowing more open access to developing economies for developed world TNCs)
WEF- Promotes globalisation + free trade & brings together global businesses and political elite
WTO- Regulate global trade since 1995
•Create agreements to promote open trade and reduce protectionism
•China’s entry in 01’ changed the face of the global economy
THE UN
Security council:
•Can authorise & direct action to resolve conflict, either through economic sanctions or by military intervention
•16 UN peacekeeping missions deployed around the world in 16’
International court of justice:
•Resolves legal questions + disputes brought to it by UN member states
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Nations pledged to cut yearly emissions of CO2 by average of 5%
•Worldwide emissions soared by nearly 40% from 1990-2009
USA: R/Wing want to be able to grow without regulation
•Resistant to change as it affects companies
ARCTIC OIL: Competition
STRENGTHS: •Create non-renewable resources to endure future energy •Up to 250bn barrels of oil WEAKNESSES: •Oil will be more expensive •Expensive to drill OPPORTUNITIES: •Generate $1.8bn in next 10 yrs •Reduce oil price for consumers THREATS: •Break up of ice will destroy habitats + add to sea level rise •Toxic spills of oil & chemicals •Create conflict over countries fighting to extract the oil + the extracting method (USA & RUSSIA)
(REGENERATING PLACES)
NOTTING HILL
PROBLEMS: Trellick Tower
•Britains biggest apartment block. Rep for rapes, fires and attacks
POSITIVES: Stabilisation of declining areas, increase property price, increased Social mix, lowered crime
NEGATIVES: Displacement through rent/price increases, loss of affordable housing
SAN FRAN: Successful place
EMPLOYMENT: In 2010, wages were 52% higher than national average
EDUCATION: 46% of workers have a degree
VENTURE CAPITAL: 1995-2011 yearly venture capital investments from $450m to $3bn
INNOVATION: Produces world class companies
CLEAN ECONOMY: More jobs in clean tech, wave, solar, wind, biomass
REGEN: 3rd runway
Heathrow
COSTS-
•Greenhouse has emissions may break the gov limits
•200,000 people & 124 schools impacted by noise levels
BENEFITS-
•1000s more flights a year
•Benefits of up to £61m
•77,000 more jobs
NEWQUAY AEROHUB: Rural regeneration
- Aimed to attract aviation investment
- Aim to diversify cornwall’s economy away from tourism
- Superfast broadband
- Companies like CIS UK, and Apple aviation
LONDON OLYMPICS: Sports led regeneration
AIMS:
•Develop key centres e.g Stratford, West Ham, Hackney to create high density development hubs
•Promote creative industries
•Provide sustainability for 600 new houses
Total of £9bn spent
(MIGRATION, IDENTITY & SOVEREIGNTY)
CHINA: Rural to urban
1978: 20% of pop lived in cities, now just 55%
PUSH FACTORS: rural income is low. Due to FDI in cities, higher paid jobs than farming
•Globalisation has increased connectivity and allowed transport
PULL FACTORS: Since 84’ urban accommodation is becoming more affordable
•Increased connectivity & transport links
•Success of open door policy, + rapid economic development and FDI combine to accelerate migration
•As urban infrastructure is built up, & living standards improve, consumption is diversified and urban demand for labour is increasing
THE EU
Most border controls in EU were removed in 1995 when the Schengen Agreement was implemented -enables easier movement of people
•Schengen brings benefits, as EU labour can move to where there is most demand & costs
•Fear or terrorism has led to some people to question the benefits of free movement
UK CORE & PERIPHERY MODEL
Pop of London has risen 22% between 1981-2016
REASONS: Beteeen 2010-2012 London accounted for 10X as many private sector jobs as any other city
IMPACT OF PERIPHERY:
•Brain Drain, lack of investment, gap of investment between North and South
IMPACT ON CORE:
•Brain drain in other major cities - 1/3 of 22-30 yr olds move to London
•Higher house prices in London
Turks in Germany
HAVE ASSIMILATED:
•% of girls in gymnasium (highest form of German secondary school) is increasing
•Ban on Burkas forces them to accept culture
•Turkish people are only 4th of all migrant groups for financial security
HAVE NOT ASSIMILATED:
•Lowest levels of education of any migrant groups in Germany
•Main religion of Turkey is Islam
•Low no. In public service & professional jobs
CHINA AND TAIWAN:
Contested borders
•China has claimed sovereignty since the end of Chinese civil war in 49’
•UN can’t recognise both Taiwan and China
•Taiwan has become one of Asia’s big traders
CONFLICT OVER BORDERS:
•Taiwan companies have invested about $60bn in China, 1m live there
•The US is Taiwans Only ally
•US congress passed Taiwan relations Act, promises to supply Taiwan with defensive weapons
RWANDA
Pre-colonial era: Europeans wrote up African borders without taking into account ethnic and religious barriers between people
•Hutu pres killed, blamed on Tutsis
•in 100 days, 800,000 dead, 2m left the country
