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GEOGRAPHY > CASE STUDYS - HUMAN > Flashcards

CASE STUDYS - HUMAN Flashcards

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1
Q

(GLOBALISATION)

NAFTA & ASEAN

A

NAFTA: North American free trade agreement
•All tariffs to be phased out in 10 years

ASEAN: Southeast Asian nations
•1967, worked to eliminate fees on favour of free trade
•Helped Indonesia’s manufacturing industries to thrive
•Members pledged to not have nuclear weapons

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2
Q

INDIA & CHINA: Switched on

A

INDIA: 2m English speaking graduates a year
•23 billionaires
•Positive image, cricket, Bollywood
•Tech skills - lots of highly qualified people in businesses
•Gov open to FDI & TNCs
CHINA: Positive image - 08’ Olympics
•Gov backing, open door policy
•Chesp freight-low prices of transport enable TNCs to outsource

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3
Q

CHINA - GLOBAL SHIFT

A

ECONOMIC:
•2nd largest economy
•Produces 50% computers, 60% bikes, 55% shoes
•8% growth rate in last 50 yrs

OPEN DOOR POLICY:
•78’ Deng Xiaoping allowed China to embrace globalisation
•In next 30 yrs - 300m moved to cities

HOW DID GOV ATTRACT FDI:
•Cheap labour, good transport + infrastructure

CONSEQUENCES:
•16/20 most polluted cities
•400,000 a yr die due to air
•Male literacy = 6.1%, female = 15.9%

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4
Q

UNESCO: UN Educational scientific cultural org

A

Preserves cultural & natural heritage sites around the world
AIMS: Provides assistance for sites in danger
•Encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural & natural heritage
•Encourage international co-operation in the conservation of our worlds cultural & natural heritage

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5
Q

(SUPERPOWERS)

A

BRITISH EMPIRE: Unipolar
-By 1920, Britain ruled over 20% of population
-Royal Navy dominated world oceans protection for colonies
COLONIAL INDIA:
-Educated Indians occupied lower Admin jobs
-Social order segregated between white British and Indians

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6
Q

BRIC STRENGTHS

A

BRAZIL: Has huge supply of natural resources, largest rainforests
•Culturally influential-2016 olympics, 2014 World Cup
•Hi-Tech industry exports

RUSSIA: Large arms industry, valued at $15.7m
•Growth of GDP, in 2015 economy was 6th in the world
•Permanent seat of UN Security Council

INDIA: Possesses 80 nuclear warheads
•1.4m active military personnel
•Spent $50bn on military in 2016
•125m can speak English, 20m in higher education

CHINA: GDP forecast to be $22trillion in 2020
•Modern infrastructure, high speed rail

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7
Q

BRIC WEAKNESSES

A

BRAZIL: Huge deforestation problem in Amazon
•12.9m unemployed
•Deepest economic decline on record
•Lowest GDP of BRIC nations

RUSSIA: Heavily dependant on natural resources
•Economy grew only 0.6% in 2014
•Deep recession in 2015 due to dropped oil prices

INDIA: Poor energy links
•Highest amount of poverty - 22% of pop

CHINA: Will soon have ageing pop due to one child policy
•400,000 deaths each yr from air
•Tense relationships with Taiwan + N.Korea
•Rising wages, less attractive to TNCs

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8
Q

G20: Influence

A

Worlds largest 19 countries plus the EU
•Account for 85% of world trade
•85% of GDP
•65% of worlds population

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9
Q

The future of the EU

A
  • 28 members rarely agree of decisions
  • EU economy has been weak since 2008
  • Has an ageing pop, putting pressure on social costs + pensions
  • Brexit means that EU will lose one of biggest players (UK holds 17% of total GDP)
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10
Q

WORLD BANK
IMF
WEF
WTO

A

WORLD BANK-
•Make development loans to developing countries
•Promote exports, trade, industrialisation
•Developed world TNC’s reap much of the benefit

IMF- Promotes global economic security & stability
•Assists countries to reform economies (often allowing more open access to developing economies for developed world TNCs)

WEF- Promotes globalisation + free trade & brings together global businesses and political elite

WTO- Regulate global trade since 1995
•Create agreements to promote open trade and reduce protectionism
•China’s entry in 01’ changed the face of the global economy

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11
Q

THE UN

A

Security council:
•Can authorise & direct action to resolve conflict, either through economic sanctions or by military intervention
•16 UN peacekeeping missions deployed around the world in 16’

International court of justice:
•Resolves legal questions + disputes brought to it by UN member states

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12
Q

KYOTO PROTOCOL

A

Nations pledged to cut yearly emissions of CO2 by average of 5%
•Worldwide emissions soared by nearly 40% from 1990-2009

USA: R/Wing want to be able to grow without regulation
•Resistant to change as it affects companies

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13
Q

ARCTIC OIL: Competition

A 
STRENGTHS:
•Create non-renewable resources to endure future energy
•Up to 250bn barrels of oil 
WEAKNESSES: 
•Oil will be more expensive 
•Expensive to drill
OPPORTUNITIES:
•Generate $1.8bn in next 10 yrs
•Reduce oil price for consumers 
THREATS:
•Break up of ice will destroy habitats + add to sea level rise
•Toxic spills of oil & chemicals
•Create conflict over countries fighting to extract the oil + the extracting method (USA & RUSSIA)
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14
Q

(REGENERATING PLACES)

NOTTING HILL

A

PROBLEMS: Trellick Tower
•Britains biggest apartment block. Rep for rapes, fires and attacks
POSITIVES: Stabilisation of declining areas, increase property price, increased Social mix, lowered crime
NEGATIVES: Displacement through rent/price increases, loss of affordable housing

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15
Q

SAN FRAN: Successful place

A

EMPLOYMENT: In 2010, wages were 52% higher than national average
EDUCATION: 46% of workers have a degree
VENTURE CAPITAL: 1995-2011 yearly venture capital investments from $450m to $3bn
INNOVATION: Produces world class companies
CLEAN ECONOMY: More jobs in clean tech, wave, solar, wind, biomass

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16
Q

REGEN: 3rd runway

Heathrow

A

COSTS-
•Greenhouse has emissions may break the gov limits
•200,000 people & 124 schools impacted by noise levels
BENEFITS-
•1000s more flights a year
•Benefits of up to £61m
•77,000 more jobs

17
Q

NEWQUAY AEROHUB: Rural regeneration

A
  • Aimed to attract aviation investment
  • Aim to diversify cornwall’s economy away from tourism
  • Superfast broadband
  • Companies like CIS UK, and Apple aviation
18
Q

LONDON OLYMPICS: Sports led regeneration

A

AIMS:
•Develop key centres e.g Stratford, West Ham, Hackney to create high density development hubs
•Promote creative industries
•Provide sustainability for 600 new houses
Total of £9bn spent

19
Q

(MIGRATION, IDENTITY & SOVEREIGNTY)

CHINA: Rural to urban

A

1978: 20% of pop lived in cities, now just 55%
PUSH FACTORS: rural income is low. Due to FDI in cities, higher paid jobs than farming
•Globalisation has increased connectivity and allowed transport
PULL FACTORS: Since 84’ urban accommodation is becoming more affordable
•Increased connectivity & transport links
•Success of open door policy, + rapid economic development and FDI combine to accelerate migration
•As urban infrastructure is built up, & living standards improve, consumption is diversified and urban demand for labour is increasing

20
Q

THE EU

A

Most border controls in EU were removed in 1995 when the Schengen Agreement was implemented -enables easier movement of people
•Schengen brings benefits, as EU labour can move to where there is most demand & costs
•Fear or terrorism has led to some people to question the benefits of free movement

21
Q

UK CORE & PERIPHERY MODEL

A

Pop of London has risen 22% between 1981-2016
REASONS: Beteeen 2010-2012 London accounted for 10X as many private sector jobs as any other city
IMPACT OF PERIPHERY:
•Brain Drain, lack of investment, gap of investment between North and South
IMPACT ON CORE:
•Brain drain in other major cities - 1/3 of 22-30 yr olds move to London
•Higher house prices in London

22
Q

Turks in Germany

A

HAVE ASSIMILATED:
•% of girls in gymnasium (highest form of German secondary school) is increasing
•Ban on Burkas forces them to accept culture
•Turkish people are only 4th of all migrant groups for financial security
HAVE NOT ASSIMILATED:
•Lowest levels of education of any migrant groups in Germany
•Main religion of Turkey is Islam
•Low no. In public service & professional jobs

23
Q

CHINA AND TAIWAN:

A

Contested borders
•China has claimed sovereignty since the end of Chinese civil war in 49’
•UN can’t recognise both Taiwan and China
•Taiwan has become one of Asia’s big traders
CONFLICT OVER BORDERS:
•Taiwan companies have invested about $60bn in China, 1m live there
•The US is Taiwans Only ally
•US congress passed Taiwan relations Act, promises to supply Taiwan with defensive weapons

24
Q

RWANDA

A

Pre-colonial era: Europeans wrote up African borders without taking into account ethnic and religious barriers between people
•Hutu pres killed, blamed on Tutsis
•in 100 days, 800,000 dead, 2m left the country

25
Q

IMPACT OF TAX HAVENS IN AFRICA

A

Africa has the highest proportion of assets held abroad of any world region
•illicit flows reportedly draining $1.3 trillion a year from Africa
EFFECTS:
•Less for investment + spending on public services

26
Q

ANTARCTICA: IGO Management

A

53 nations are signatories following the 1959 Treaty
-Treaty makes Antarctica a scientific preserve, with freedom for scientific investigation and bans on military activity
-The treaty has 14 articles:
•stipulates that Antarctica should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes
•Guarantees continued freedom to conduct scientific research
•Sets aside the potential for sovereignty disputes between Treaty parties
•Prohibits nuclear explosions & disposal of radioactive waste

27
Q

BRICS: Disunity

A

BRAZIL: Hosting World Cup, over $22bn spent
RUSSIA: Some periphery states are home to ethnic groups that are distant to the core of Moscow
INDIA: Religious split between
Hindu & Muslim people
•Rush to industrialise left many behind, 0.5bn people live in poverty with lack of access to sanitation
CHINA: 300m who have left rural areas have found it hard to gain permanent settlement rights in cities - can’t get a place for their children

28
Q

(REGENERATION)

Docklands

A

Between 78-83’, 12,000 jobs were lost, 60% of men were unemployed in some parts
MARKET LED REGEN: LDDC focused on: Economic growth, Infrastructure development, and housing.
ECON GROWTH: Flagship REGEN at Canary Wharf. New companies moved it
INFRASTRUCTURE: Extending jubilee line of underground, developing GDR, building new roads + London City airport

29
Q

Effects of decline - Detroit

A
  • 54% illiterate
  • segregation of different social economic groups
  • crime-Detroit has the highest murder + violence crime rate of any major city, 45/100,000
  • Infant mortality, 16/1000 live births
  • People die at 74.8 yrs compared to 78.8 average
  • In 2013, $19bn debt
30
Q

Why Cornwall declined

A

FARMING: import cheaper from abroad
•EU subsidies + gov grants have fallen, decline in dairy
FISHING: •EU quotas allowed Cornwall’s fish stocks to be used by other countries + over fishing
MINING: •Most sources have been severely depleted + falling tin prices
QUARRYING: •labour have been relocated (to Brazil) + use of tech

31
Q

Types of regeneration strategy

A

TECHNOLOGY LED: to attract investment
INFRASTRUCTURE: to drive economic growth (Heathrow, park + ride)
SPORT, ART, CULTURE: to attract investment + funding (Olympic park)
RETAIL LED REGEN: (Liverpol ONE)
MARKETING HERITAGE: for tourism (titanic quarter in Belfast)

32
Q

CORNWALL REBRANDING STRATEGIES

A

Farm diversification =
Farm shops
Foodie restaurants = In Padstow, opened by famous chefs
Spectacular Gardens =
Outdoor pursuits = rock-climbing, surfing

33
Q

North/south divide

A

In 2014: the economy grew in north by 3% - in London this was 6.8%
•spending on infrastructure (London) = £2595 per person
—> in north This was just £5

34
Q

H2S - High Speed Rail

A

Rail would join London, Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield + Leeds
IMPACTS: an estimated 60,000 jobs created through construction
•will bring £41-46bn in econ benefits over 6 decades
•estimated cost=£32.7bn
•lots of visual + noise pollution is

35
Q

How is regeneration managed-how do central governments play a role in regeneration?

A
  • General planning laws - how the land is used.
  • Restrictions on house building targets + house affordability, e.g. estate housing or right to buy schemes
  • Permission for fracking - This process causes opposition
36
Q

Salford quays

A

Way of transforming the city by investing in iconic buildings, new infrastructure + houses, education, health facilities
-Growing opportunities + jobs
ACHIEVEMENTS: •£550m MediaCityUK developed
•start of work to build Salford will create 1000-3100 jobs
•The £26m Salford stadiu
•competition of Greengate square, set to be catalyst for £400m private sector investment

37
Q

Healthy cities - Curitiba

A

Air pollution is close to WHO (world health org) guidelines
•more than 1.5m trees have been planted
•over 50% of paper, metal, glass and plastic is recycled
•Life expectancy is 76.3 yrs. 2 years longer than average
INITIATIVES:
•social housing in mixed income neighbourhoods
•programme where garbage can be exchanged for bus tickets or food
•free medical+dental care to low-income residents

GEOGRAPHY (16 decks)

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