HUAMN

Question 1

(Globalisation)

What is globalisation?

Answer 1

Process of the world’s economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected

Question 2

Factors which have driven globalisation since the 80s?

Answer 2

Globalisation is caused by movements of info, capital, products, services and labour between different countries. 5 factors have promotes
G: flows of info, flows of capital, flows of products, flows of services and labour

Question 3

What is global marketing?

Answer 3

It involves treating the world as one single market and using one marketing strategy to advertise a product to customers all over cover the world.

Question 4

Outline how changes in patterns of production have promoted globalisation?

Answer 4

Manufacturing has decreased in MEDCs. Lower labour costs overseas have caused many companies to relocate

Question 5

What are 3 factors which have led to increased global trade?

Answer 5

Info, tech, internet, allows investors greater access to info. Govs can take financial deregulation, where they relaxes rules about what banks could do. Also involves removing barriers to capital coming in and out

Question 6

Which ORG is responsible for governing global trade system?

Answer 6

WTO (1995) sets rules on how countries can trade with each other - can stop unfair tariffs

Question 7

How have management systems changed due to globalisation?

Answer 7

Companies supply chains have become more global
Large companies can benefits from EoS
Outsourcing is when a company pays another to do work to save costs

Question 8

How have changes in tech contributed to globalisation?

Answer 8

Internet usage is common, mobile phones, better reception + satellites

Question 9

(Global systems)

What is interdependence?

Answer 9

All countries flying on each-other in exchange for goods + services to support one another. This could be in he case of exports like food or oil. Orgs such an UN + NATO establish trade links + groups to help remove high tariffs

Question 10

How can unequal flows of tech create inequality?

Answer 10

MEDC’s can afford the best tech, so they can produce more cheaply, with EoS. Whereas LEDCs are lagging

Question 11

(International trade)

How has it changed since true 80s?

Answer 11

Volume of global trade has increased value x8 from 1980-2008

Question 12

What are 2 ways trade blocs affect countries access to markets

Answer 12

To remove trade barriers. Other trading blocs are based around specific industries, e.g oil exporters are member of OPEC

Question 13

(TNCs)

2 factors that influence where TNCs locate their factories

Answer 13

Often LEDC’s where production costs are lower. Many also have factories where their markets are. If a product is made in the country where it’s sold, the company can save paying import/export taxes.

Question 14

What is intra-firm trading ?

Answer 14

When a division of a TNC trades with another part of the TNC, e.g: Intel assembles some of its micro chips in Costa Rica but sells in USA

Question 15

How has development put stress on the global commons?

Answer 15

Increasing demand for resources (e.g. food, oil, minerals) Can also create waste that is pumped into the atmosphere (Co2) or into oceans (chemical waste)

Question 16

How does globalisation pose a threat to the global commons?

Answer 16

New tech has made it easier to get to areas like Antarctica. This can ruin habitats. Also, global warming is making ice caps melt. Mining/whaling causes problems too

Question 17

Antarctica: 4 main threats

Answer 17

Climate change
Fishing + whaling
Search for minerals
Tourism and research

Question 18

3 rules laid down in Antarctic Treaty (1959)

Answer 18

Should be only used for peaceful reasons

•Countries should cooperate on scientific research

Question 19

4 benefits of globalisation

Answer 19

Integration
Development
Stability
Economic growth

Question 20

How can globalisation caused injustice?

Answer 20

Improved transport + communication systems have made human trafficking easier. Many people in less developed countries must work in sweatshops to make products for people in MEDC’s

Question 21

4 ways globalisation has a negative impact on environment?

Answer 21

Inequalities
Conflict
Injustice
Environmental consequences

Question 22

How have shifting flows of ideas affected cultural characteristics of a place?

Answer 22

Flows of people bring their cultures with them, which can change the characteristics of the place.
Creation of multi-ethnic communities. Also, fast food companies from the USA

Question 23

2 examples of how shifting flows of money has affected economic characteristics?

Answer 23

Flows of people- e.g. Cornwall used to be a fishing settlement but is now a popular tourist destination

Flows of resources- outward flow of local products or natural resource from a place can have a large impact on local economies

Question 24

One example where decision of an MNC has affected the character of a place

Answer 24

Detroit was a major centre of car manufacturing in early 20th century
•MNC’s gave city an economic v boost. Population peaked at 1.8m in 50s, by 2010 it was 700,000 with 24% unemployment.

Question 25

How can past development influence the character?

Answer 25

Many UK settlements initially developed because of factors to do with location of 2 rivers, near to coal and iron ore reserves.

Question 26

3 regen schemes by UK gov since 1979:

Answer 26

``` ENTERPRISE ZONES (81’) -established in areas of high employment. Aim was to attract start-up companies to create jobs-by reducing taxes CITY CHALLENGE (91-97’) -local authorities compared for gov funding to regenerate deprived urban areas. Worked with local community to improve physical, economic + social environment ```

Question 27

4 factors which make cities more sustainable?

Answer 27

Natural: renewable energy Physical: provide resources for population Social: how well people live together Economic: maintaining econ growth without long term negatives

Question 28

Describe ways food production can be increased

Answer 28

TECH: crops can be genetically modified to produce higher yields to resist pests and disease Agric expansion: more land can be converted to agric usage-however, this destroys ecosystems

Question 29

Define ‘dependency ratio’

Answer 29

=the proportion of population that has to be supported by the working population. Young people and older people are generally dependent on the working population

Question 30

What are the characteristics of stage 5 of the demographic transition model?

Answer 30

Birth rate drops below death rate | Birth rate decreases because children are expensive to raise, and death rate remains the same.

Question 31

Assess extent to which cultural controls account for varieties in population between countries

Answer 31

* Role of women * Attitudes towards marriage * Religion and population policies

Question 32

What demographic consequences might migration have on the country of origin?

Answer 32

* Pop decline * Ageing population * Males likely to leave - gender imbalance

Question 33

Describe the economic consequences of migration

Answer 33

* Migrant workers may send some income home | * When highly skilled people leave, there can be a shortage of people qualified for high-skilled jobs

Question 34

Name 4 strategies to increase water supply

Answer 34

Water diversion/transfer - Done by pipes, tunnels, canals •Water catchment •Water storage, e.g. building a dam across a river valley traps water •Desalination-removal of salt from seawater

Question 35

Describe TNCs role in energy supply

Answer 35

Most are invoked in all stages of oil + gas production. Because of their wealth + control of a valuable resource, energy TNCs are very powerful - they influence the global economy, politics and environment.

Question 36

3 ways in which energy consumption can be reduced

Answer 36

Building adaptions: like double glazing + insulation, energy-efficient boilers Manufacturing: reusing waste heat generated during production Transport: improving public transport (less cars), road tax/congestion charge

Question 37

How might political developments affect the future of energy resources?

Answer 37

Instability + conflict - most supplies of fossil fuels are in the Middle East which can be a hostile area •The global commons -e.g. countries bordering the Arctic and energy TNC’s are arguing over the rights to drill for oil in the Arctic, one of the last large conventional reserves