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GEOGRAPHY > HUAMN > Flashcards

HUAMN Flashcards

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1
Q

(Globalisation)

What is globalisation?

A

Process of the world’s economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected

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2
Q

Factors which have driven globalisation since the 80s?

A

Globalisation is caused by movements of info, capital, products, services and labour between different countries. 5 factors have promotes
G: flows of info, flows of capital, flows of products, flows of services and labour

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3
Q

What is global marketing?

A

It involves treating the world as one single market and using one marketing strategy to advertise a product to customers all over cover the world.

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4
Q

Outline how changes in patterns of production have promoted globalisation?

A

Manufacturing has decreased in MEDCs. Lower labour costs overseas have caused many companies to relocate

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5
Q

What are 3 factors which have led to increased global trade?

A

Info, tech, internet, allows investors greater access to info. Govs can take financial deregulation, where they relaxes rules about what banks could do. Also involves removing barriers to capital coming in and out

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6
Q

Which ORG is responsible for governing global trade system?

A

WTO (1995) sets rules on how countries can trade with each other - can stop unfair tariffs

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7
Q

How have management systems changed due to globalisation?

A

Companies supply chains have become more global
Large companies can benefits from EoS
Outsourcing is when a company pays another to do work to save costs

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8
Q

How have changes in tech contributed to globalisation?

A

Internet usage is common, mobile phones, better reception + satellites

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9
Q

(Global systems)

What is interdependence?

A

All countries flying on each-other in exchange for goods + services to support one another. This could be in he case of exports like food or oil. Orgs such an UN + NATO establish trade links + groups to help remove high tariffs

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10
Q

How can unequal flows of tech create inequality?

A

MEDC’s can afford the best tech, so they can produce more cheaply, with EoS. Whereas LEDCs are lagging

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11
Q

(International trade)

How has it changed since true 80s?

A

Volume of global trade has increased value x8 from 1980-2008

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12
Q

What are 2 ways trade blocs affect countries access to markets

A

To remove trade barriers. Other trading blocs are based around specific industries, e.g oil exporters are member of OPEC

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13
Q

(TNCs)

2 factors that influence where TNCs locate their factories

A

Often LEDC’s where production costs are lower. Many also have factories where their markets are. If a product is made in the country where it’s sold, the company can save paying import/export taxes.

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14
Q

What is intra-firm trading ?

A

When a division of a TNC trades with another part of the TNC, e.g: Intel assembles some of its micro chips in Costa Rica but sells in USA

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15
Q

How has development put stress on the global commons?

A

Increasing demand for resources (e.g. food, oil, minerals) Can also create waste that is pumped into the atmosphere (Co2) or into oceans (chemical waste)

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16
Q

How does globalisation pose a threat to the global commons?

A

New tech has made it easier to get to areas like Antarctica. This can ruin habitats. Also, global warming is making ice caps melt. Mining/whaling causes problems too

17
Q

Antarctica: 4 main threats

A

Climate change
Fishing + whaling
Search for minerals
Tourism and research

18
Q

3 rules laid down in Antarctic Treaty (1959)

A

Should be only used for peaceful reasons

•Countries should cooperate on scientific research

19
Q

4 benefits of globalisation

A

Integration
Development
Stability
Economic growth

20
Q

How can globalisation caused injustice?

A

Improved transport + communication systems have made human trafficking easier. Many people in less developed countries must work in sweatshops to make products for people in MEDC’s

21
Q

4 ways globalisation has a negative impact on environment?

A

Inequalities
Conflict
Injustice
Environmental consequences

22
Q

How have shifting flows of ideas affected cultural characteristics of a place?

A

Flows of people bring their cultures with them, which can change the characteristics of the place.
Creation of multi-ethnic communities. Also, fast food companies from the USA

23
Q

2 examples of how shifting flows of money has affected economic characteristics?

A

Flows of people- e.g. Cornwall used to be a fishing settlement but is now a popular tourist destination

Flows of resources- outward flow of local products or natural resource from a place can have a large impact on local economies

24
Q

One example where decision of an MNC has affected the character of a place

A

Detroit was a major centre of car manufacturing in early 20th century
•MNC’s gave city an economic v boost. Population peaked at 1.8m in 50s, by 2010 it was 700,000 with 24% unemployment.

25
Q

How can past development influence the character?

A

Many UK settlements initially developed because of factors to do with location of 2 rivers, near to coal and iron ore reserves.

26
Q

3 regen schemes by UK gov since 1979:

A 
ENTERPRISE ZONES (81’) -established in areas of high employment. Aim was to attract start-up companies to create jobs-by reducing taxes 
CITY CHALLENGE (91-97’) 
-local authorities compared for gov funding to regenerate deprived urban areas. Worked with local community to improve physical, economic + social environment
27
Q

4 factors which make cities more sustainable?

A

Natural: renewable energy
Physical: provide resources for population
Social: how well people live together
Economic: maintaining econ growth without long term negatives

28
Q

Describe ways food production can be increased

A

TECH: crops can be genetically modified to produce higher yields to resist pests and disease
Agric expansion: more land can be converted to agric usage-however, this destroys ecosystems

29
Q

Define ‘dependency ratio’

A

=the proportion of population that has to be supported by the working population. Young people and older people are generally dependent on the working population

30
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 5 of the demographic transition model?

A

Birth rate drops below death rate

Birth rate decreases because children are expensive to raise, and death rate remains the same.

31
Q

Assess extent to which cultural controls account for varieties in population between countries

A
  • Role of women
  • Attitudes towards marriage
  • Religion and population policies
32
Q

What demographic consequences might migration have on the country of origin?

A
  • Pop decline
  • Ageing population
  • Males likely to leave - gender imbalance
33
Q

Describe the economic consequences of migration

A
  • Migrant workers may send some income home

* When highly skilled people leave, there can be a shortage of people qualified for high-skilled jobs

34
Q

Name 4 strategies to increase water supply

A

Water diversion/transfer -
Done by pipes, tunnels, canals
•Water catchment
•Water storage, e.g. building a dam across a river valley traps water
•Desalination-removal of salt from seawater

35
Q

Describe TNCs role in energy supply

A

Most are invoked in all stages of oil + gas production. Because of their wealth + control of a valuable resource, energy TNCs are very powerful - they influence the global economy, politics and environment.

36
Q

3 ways in which energy consumption can be reduced

A

Building adaptions: like double glazing + insulation, energy-efficient boilers

Manufacturing: reusing waste heat generated during production

Transport: improving public transport (less cars), road tax/congestion charge

37
Q

How might political developments affect the future of energy resources?

A

Instability + conflict - most supplies of fossil fuels are in the Middle East which can be a hostile area
•The global commons -e.g. countries bordering the Arctic and energy TNC’s are arguing over the rights to drill for oil in the Arctic, one of the last large conventional reserves

GEOGRAPHY (16 decks)

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