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IB Biology 20 > Human Physiology - Digestion > Flashcards

Human Physiology - Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is physical digestion?

A

Digestion through chewing (mastication) and churning in stomach

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2
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Digestion through enzymes, juices,

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3
Q

What controls digestion?

A

Hormones, phypothalanus, pepsinogen, trypepsinogen

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4
Q

What enzymes are used in digestion?

A

CCK, Gastrin, Enterogasterone, Secretin, Glucagon, Insulin,

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5
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Causes gall bladder to contract, and release bile salts

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6
Q

What are the 4 components of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorbtion
Egestion

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7
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A 
Lumen
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscle layer
Serosa
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8
Q

What does Enterogasterone do? Where does it come from?

A

Excreted from duodenum from high concentration of fats in large intestine, slows peristalsis for more time to digest lipids

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9
Q

Where are bacterial flora? What do they do?

A

Found in large intestine, ferment indigestible carbohydrates, releasing acids and gases. Also synthesize vitamins B and K

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10
Q

What is egestion?

A

undigestible cellulose fibres stores until pressure against colon causes bowl movement

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11
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messenger that travels through the blood stream

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12
Q

What is exocrine?

A

releases hormones through ducts

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13
Q

What is endocrine?

A

releases hormones directly into blood stream

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14
Q

What is secretin?

A

hormone that regulates secretions by pancreas in digestion

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15
Q

What is gastrin?

A

hormone released from the smell or sight of food, releases gastric juice

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16
Q

What is Insulin?

A

hormone released by pancreas and causes liver to absorb glucose from blood and convert it into glycogen for storage, can reduce blood sugar levels

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17
Q

What is glucagon?

A

hormone released in the pancreas for the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose to increase blood sugar

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18
Q

What is the structure of the small intestine?

A

Villi and microvilli, used to increase surface area

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19
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats

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20
Q

What are some adaptations of the villi?

A

tight junctions between cells ensure molecules will pass through villi, long structures increase surface area, epithelial cells have more mitochondria to ensure cells have enough ATP to run active transport, lots of pinocytes are present, different kinds of proteins on apical and basal sides to assist in diffusion

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21
Q

How are nutrients moved out of the villus?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis

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22
Q

How are monosaccarides absorbed?

A

sodium - potassium pump, requires low concentration of sodium in the epithelium

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23
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids through emulsification with bile salts are turned into miscelles, these bile salts carry miscelles into the epithelial cells. They are then converted into triglycerides and combined with cholesterol to become a chylomicron

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24
Q

How are amino acids transported into epithelial cells?

A

active transport into, facilitated diffusion into capillary

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25
Q

What happens to the things absorbed in the small intestine?

A

transported to the liver, which filters and protects our bodies from the harmful stuff we eat

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26
Q

What is dietary fibre?

A

Cellulose

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27
Q

What is a primary structure / polypeptide?

A

formed in dehydration synthesis, amino group from 1 amino acid bonds to carboxyl group of another amino acid (peptide)

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28
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

formed from polypeptide when H bonds cause chain to coil or fold, caused by R group

29
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

interaction of 2 or more polypeptides

30
Q

What are the steps of protein digestion?

A
  1. Denaturation - mastication / change in pH

2. Deamination - remove amino acids

31
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

Pepsinogen, HCl, mucin

32
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Pepsinogen activated by HCl, breaks polypeptides into smaller pieces called peptones

33
Q

What does the pancreas excrete into duodenum?

A

Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase, HCO3 -1, Mucous aminopeptidase

34
Q

What activated trypepsinogen?

A

enterokinase

35
Q

What do trpsin and chymotrypsin digest?

A

long chain polypeptides –> short chain polypeptides

36
Q

What is secreted from the duodenum?

A

pepsin, tripepsin, chymotrypsin, enteropeptide, erepsin, dipeptidase, enterochymase

37
Q

What is erepsin?

A

group of enzymes secreted from intestinal mucosal cells (dipeptidase, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidase)

38
Q

What does dipeptidase do?

A

digest dipeptides into amino acids

39
Q

What does aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase do?

A

take individual amino acids from each end of the polypeptide chain

40
Q

what does trypsin do?

A

breaks down peptones into peptidases and dipeptidases

41
Q

what does peptidase do?

A

breaks down peptides and dipeptides into amino acids

42
Q

What is the structure of the liver?

A

lobed

43
Q

What is a portal triad?

A

branch of bile duct, hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

44
Q

how does the liver go through detoxification?

A

hepatocytes absorb toxic substances and convert them into non-toxic ones

45
Q

What can be made in the liver?

A

cholesterol

46
Q

How does liver regulate lipids?

A

synthesize lipids or break them down

47
Q

How does the liver recycle red blood cells?

A

breaks doen RBC’s and haemoglobin, bilirubin from haemoglobin can be sent to gall bladder to make bile

48
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

build up of bilirubin in bloodstream

49
Q

What does jaundice indicate?

A

problem in liver

50
Q

What are 3 types of disease in the liver?

A

Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis

51
Q

What are the 3 monosaccarides?

A

ribose, glucose, fructose

52
Q

What are monosaccarides?

A

(CH2O)n n= 3 - 8

53
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccarides bonded through dehydration synthesis

54
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose,

55
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

monosaccharides linked together in long chains

56
Q

what are the 3 polysaccharides?

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen

57
Q

How do you release energy from a polysaccharide / disaccharide?

A

must be hydrolyzed - opposite of dehydration synthesis, requires water and is catalyzed by enzymes

58
Q

Where does hydrolysis occur?

A

mouth and duodenum

59
Q

What is salivary / pancreatic amylase?

A

enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides

60
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides?

A

maltase, sucrase, lactase

61
Q

What is maltase?

A

breaks down maltose in the ileum into glucose

62
Q

What is denatured in stomach?

A

amylase

63
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

64
Q

What do parital cells do?

A

Release HCl in stomach

65
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

Release pepsinogen from stomach

66
Q

What are mucous cells?

A

Release mucous to protect stomach from pepsinogen and HCl

67
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum,

68
Q

What does the gall bladder hold?

A

Bile (Bile salts + Bile Pigments)

IB Biology 20 (8 decks)

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