Human Physiology - Defense Aganist Infectious Disease Flashcards
What are the components of blood?
55% Plasma
45% Enterocytes
What are neutrophils?
white blood cells
what are leukocytes?
white blood cells
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
What is the main component of plasma?
Water (90%)
What is the benefit of plasma being mainly water?
Can dissolve things into it for transportation; Na, K, Cl, Ca, Bicarbonate, O2, CO2,
What are the proteins in the plasma?
albumins, globulins/immunoglobulins, fibrinogens
What is the role of albumins?
regulate water concentration
What is the role of immunoglobulins?
defend against bacterial cells / antigens
What is the role of fibrinogen?
clotting protein
What is an antigen?
foreign protein in the blood
Where do red blood cells get their energy from?
glycolysis because there is no mitochondria
What is the size of a red blood cell?
12um
What is the main component of red blood cells?
haemoglobin - 250 million molecules each cam carru 4 molecules of oxygen
Where are red blood cells made?
bone marrow
How does the body regulated dead red blood cells?
broken down in spleen
Where are red blood cells?
only in blood vessels and the heart
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
120 days max
What are the two main categories of white blood cells?
Granular and Agranular
What does granular/agranular mean?
Show spots with stain, agranular doesn’t
What are the two kinds of agranular white blood cells?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
What are the two kinds of lymphocytes?
T Cells and B Cells
What disease is often correlated to T Cells?
HIV, becomes AIDS when the concentration of T Cells reaches a certain level
What are the three kinds of granular
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils,
What are eosinophils?
immune cell causing inflamation
What are basophils?
white blood cell that helps coagulate blood, has histamine to promote blood flow to tissues
What are neutrophils?
Pac Man
What happens to white blood cells?
become puss
Where are white blood cells made?
Bone marrow and spleen, mature in thymus
Where are white blood cells found?
Vessels, heart and interstitial fluid
What are platelets?
Responsible for blood clotting
Where are platelets from?
megakaryocytes
What are megakaryocytes?
stem cells found in the bone marrow
How big is a platelet?
1/6 the size od a red blood cell
What are the functions of blood?
Distribution, regulation and protection
What does the blood regulate?
heat (thermoregulation), pH in body tissue, fluid volumes (albumin)
What does the blood distribute?
dissolved gasses, nutrients, proteins
How does the blood contribute to protection?
immune system prevents infection (antibodies and white blood cells)
blood clotting prevents blood loss
How does the blood distribute?
Haemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to cells
Carries CO2 from blood to lungs
Transports metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites
Transport hormones
What controls haemoglobin?
Erythroprotein
What is anemia?
Low oxygen carrying capacity
What is coagulation?
blood clotting
What is the process of blood clotting?
- damage to blood cells
- platelets stick to damaged blood vessel
- platelets release clotting factors (almost always a protein)
- Attract required proteins to the area
- prothrombin –> thrombin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen –> fibrin
- Mesh traps red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
What is hemophilia?
inherited defect in clotting process
What is leukemia?
cancer of white blood cells
What are the parts of the immune system?
adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, bone marrow, thymus, blood,
What is the role of the lymph node?
collect white blood cells, connect to the immune system through lymphatic tissue
What is a pathogen?
any organism, virus or prion that causes injury or disease; ie. e. coli
What is a prion?
piece of protein that can cause disease
What is the first layer of defense?
reflexes, skin. tears. HCL in stomach,
What is the second layer of defense?
fever, phagocytosis, NK cells, inflammation
What is the third layer of defence?
cells with immunity to disease
What is the goal of the first line of defence?
Prevent pathogen from entering body
How does skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?
tough layer of keratin; pH 3-5; secretions
How does the inner lining of mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body?
Secrete fluids with lysosomes that destroy the cell wall of bacteria; cilia remove particles from lungs; secrete acidic gastric juices; intestinal e. coli;
What parts of the body are physical / chemical barriers for disease?
Cilia in nasopharynx, skin and fatty acids, commensals, vaginal acids, lysosomes in tears, mucous lining in trachea, pH change in gut, flushing of urinary tract
What is phagocytosis?
process where solid materials are ingested by a cell
What is the process of phagocytosis?
- pathogen touches the plasma membrane
- pseudopodia absorb pathogen into a vacuole
- a lysosome binds with the vacuole to creates phagolysosome and digests the contents
- antigens are presented on the surface of the cell
