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IB Biology 20 > Evolution and Biodiversity > Flashcards

Evolution and Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The process of things changing over time

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of evolution?

A

Natural Selection

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3
Q

What is the evidence for Evolution?

A

Fossils, Selective Breeding, Homologous Structures, Patterns of Variation,

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4
Q

How is the sequence of fossils important?

A

it matches the pattern in which they would be expected to evolve

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5
Q

What is the sequence of evolution?

A

fungi and worms -> vertebrates -> bony fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> birds -> mammals

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6
Q

What is the evidence from fossils?

A

the sequence which fossils appear, sequence fits in with the ecology of the group, sequences of fossils

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7
Q

How does the sequence of fossils fit in with ecology?

A

plants existed before animals

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8
Q

how is the sequence of fossils important?

A

it links existing organisms and their likely ancestors

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9
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

repeatedly selecting for and breeding the individuals most suited to human uses

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10
Q

Why is selective breeding important to evolution?

A

It shows selection can cause evolution

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11
Q

What is a analogous structure?

A

structures that have had different origins and have become similar

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12
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

analogous structures that have become similar because they perform the same or a similar function

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13
Q

what is a homologous structure?

A

structures that look superficially different and perform a different function, but which Darwin called a “unity of type”

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14
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

homologous structures which have similar ancestors but have become different because they perform different functions

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15
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

reduced structures that serve no function, ie appendix, pelvis in snakes and whales

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16
Q

What is speciation?

A

populations of species gradually diverging into separate species by evolution

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17
Q

When can natural selection occur?

A

when there is variation in a species

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18
Q

what are the sources of variation?

A

mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction

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19
Q

What is mutation?

A

production of new alleles, enlarging the gene pool

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20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

production of new combinations of alleles by breaking up the existing combination in a diploid cell.

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21
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

fusion of male and female gametes, offspring has a combination of alleles from two individuals which allows mutations from two individuals to be brought together

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22
Q

What is the only source of variation for species that do not reproduce sexually?

A

mutation

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23
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life

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24
Q

What is over - production of offspring?

A

species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support

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25
Q

What is differential survival and reproduction?

A

individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while less adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring

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26
Q

what is inheritance?

A

individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring - heritable

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27
Q

Are acquired characteristics significant in evolution?

A

no

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28
Q

what is the binomial system?

A

the system used to name species, genus species

29
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukaryota, Eubacteria, Archea

30
Q

What are the principle taxa for classifying eukaryotes?

A

KPCOFGS

31
Q

What is natural classification?

A

the genus accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species

32
Q

What are the advantages of natural classification?

A

identification of species is easier, members of a group share similar characteristics,

33
Q

What is a Dichotomous key?

A

A key used to decipher the characteristics of a species

34
Q

What is a clade?

A

a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor

35
Q

How do you identify base members of a clade?

A

the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein

36
Q

What is a molecular clock?

A

correlation between number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor

37
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades

38
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones; releases energy

39
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones; stores energy

40
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

substance produce by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a reaction

41
Q

What is a substrate?

A

surface an enzyme acts on

42
Q

What is an active site?

A

region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

43
Q

What is an allosteric site?

A

where regulatory molecules interact with an enzyme to inhibit or activate that enzyme

44
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

polypeptide chain (amino acid chain)

45
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

alpha helixes made of polypeptide chains

46
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

alpha helixes that fold in on themselves

47
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

when one or more tertiary proteins bind together

48
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

reaction where energy is lost in the reaction

49
Q

What is activation energy?

A

energy required to start a reaction

50
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

where monomers combine to form polymers where water is a byproduct

51
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A

Proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates,

52
Q

What are polymers?

A

large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules

53
Q

What are monomers?

A

individual small molecules

54
Q

What are amino acids?

A

building blocks of protein

55
Q

What are dipeptides?

A

two amino acids

56
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

chain of amino acids, one end has an amino terminal and the other has a carboxyl group

57
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

-COOH

58
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

structural proteins

59
Q

What is denaturation?

A

process of modifying the structure of a protein; breaking weak bonds

60
Q

What are co-factors?

A

non - protein chemical compound that is required for a protein to be active

61
Q

What are inhinitors?

A

substance that slows or stops an enzyme catalysed reaction

62
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

series of steps in reactions that help convert molecules or substrates; two types (catabolic, anabolic)

63
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

proteins used to build structural components of the body

64
Q

What are functional proteins?

A

protein able to carry out metabolic processes

65
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors and activators

66
Q

What are the elements of life?

A

CHNOPS

67
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

reaction where energy is absorbed

68
Q

What is deamination?

A

process which amino acids are broken down; amino group is removed

69
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

help enzymes catalyze a reaction

IB Biology 20 (8 decks)

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