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IB Biology > Human Physiology - 6.2 The Blood System > Flashcards

Human Physiology - 6.2 The Blood System Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is composed of:

A
  1. Plasma (made up of H2O, blood proteins + nutrients)
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. leukocytes
  4. Platelets (clotting)
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2
Q

Erythrocytes =

A

red blood cells

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3
Q

Leukocytes =

A

white blood cells

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4
Q

2 main functions of blood

A
  1. Transport
  2. Degence against infectious diseases
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5
Q
  1. transport - function of blood
A
  • erythrocytes transport oxygen from the lungs to cells
  • blood plasma transports nutrients, CO2, antibodies, urea
  • Heat is transported from parts of the body that produce it, to the skin, where it is lost to the environment
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6
Q
  1. Degence against infectious diseases
A
  • Blood clotting
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) defend the body against infectious diseases
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7
Q

high and low pressure in the heart

A
  • blood going out of the heart = high pressure
  • blood going into the heart = low pressure
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8
Q

Double circulation =

A

found in mammals and birds (with 3 chambered heart) where there is a separate circulation for the lungs

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9
Q

Structure of the heart

A

(refer to diagrams)
- 4 chambered organ = 2x atria + 2x ventricles

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10
Q

atria =

A

acts as a reservoir, by which blood returning to the heart is collected via veins (and passed on to ventricles)

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11
Q

Ventricles =

A

act as pumps, expelling the blood from the heart at high pressue via arteries

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12
Q

Systemic circulation =

A

left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body

= much thicker muscular wall as it must pump blood much further

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13
Q

pulmonary circulation =

A

right side of the heat pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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14
Q

myocardium -

A

muscular wall

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15
Q

DIAGRAM WARNING!

A

when looking at a heart diagram - often wrong way around (ie left = right and right = left) ==> done so when you hold it to your chest it is correct

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16
Q

William Hervey (theory + experiments)

A

showed that:
= arteries and veins were part of a single blood circuit
= arteries pumped blood from the heart to the lungs and body tissues
= veins returned blood to the heart from the lungs and body tissue

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17
Q

before William Hervey

A

==> previously it was thought that the heart just warmed blood and that arteries and veins were SEPARATE blood circuits

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18
Q

Blood vessels = 3 types

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capillaries
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19
Q

Arteries =

A
  • carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body
  • thick walls (3 LAYERS (TUNICA))
  • Thick outer layer (of longitudinal collagen and elastic fibres to avoid bulges and leaks
  • thick middle layer (large amounts of elastic and muscle fibres to help pump the blood on after each heart beat by maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles
  • narrow lumen (to help maintain high pressure)

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/62-the-blood-system/arteries.html

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20
Q

Veins =

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart (and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)
  • veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return into atria of the heart
  • valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow
  • thin inner layer (with a few circular elastic and muscles fibres because blood does not flow in pulses so the beins wall cannot help pump i
  • wide lumen (needed to accommodate the slow-flowing blood)

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/62-the-blood-system/veins.html

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21
Q

Capillaries =

A
  • small vessels (carry materials to and from cells)
  • wall = consists single layer of HTIN cells (so the distance for diffusion in/out is small)
  • pores between cells in the wall allow some of the plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid (phagocytes can also squeeze out
  • VERY NARROW LUMEN (so that capillaries fit into small spaces (many small capillaries have a larger surface area than fewer wider ones)

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/62-the-blood-system/capillaries.html

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22
Q

general heart structure outline

A

right side = pumping blood to the lungs

left side = pumping blood to all other organ

walls of the heart - CARDIAC MUSCLE

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23
Q

Myogenic

A

contraction of cardiac muscle –> it can contract on its own, without being stimulated by a nerve

24
Q

atria =

A

collecting chambers in the heart - collect blood from the veins

25
Q

ventricles =

A

pumping chambers - they pump blood out into the arteries at high pressure

26
Q

valves =

A

ensure that the blood always flows in the correct direction

27
Q

the action of the heart

A
  1. walls of the atria contract
  2. walls of the ventricles contract
  3. ventricles stop contracting
28
Q

the action of the heart - walls of the atria contract…

A

pushing blood from the atria into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves which are open - the semilunar valves are closed - so the ventricles fill with blood

29
Q

the action of the heart - walls of the ventricles contract…

A

powerfully and the blood pressure rapidly rises inside them –> causing the atrioventricular valves to close, preventing back-flow of blood to the atria and causing the semilunar valves to open = allowing blood to be pumped out into the arteries –> at the same time the atria start to refill as they collect blood from the veins

30
Q

the action of the heart - ventricles stop contracting…

A

as the pressure falls inside them the semilunar valves close = preventing the back-flow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles. When the ventricular pressure drops below the atrial pressure, the atrioventricular valves open. Blood entering the atrium from the veins then flows on to start filling the ventricles –> the next heartbeat begins when the walls of the atria contract again

31
Q

muscle fibres

A

help to form a rigid arterial wall that is capable of withstanding the high blood pressure without rupturing

Muscle fibres can also contract to narrow the lumen, which increases the pressure between pumps and helps to maintain blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

32
Q

elastic fibres

A

allow the arterial wall to stretch and expand upon the flow of a pulse through the lumen

The pressure exerted on the arterial wall is returned to the blood when the artery returns to its normal size (elastic recoil)
The elastic recoil helps to push the blood forward through the artery as well as maintain arterial pressure between pump cycles

33
Q

Vessel comparison

A

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/62-the-blood-system/vessel-comparison.html

34
Q

heart structure =

A

REFER TO DIAGRAM +
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/62-the-blood-system/heart-structure.html

35
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

describes the series of events that take place in the heart over the duration of a single heart beat

36
Q

Systole

A

contraction (when heart muscle contracts and blood is squeezed out of the heart and through the arteries –> PRESSURE IS HIGH)

37
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation (when the heart is not contracted, blood from the veins fills the atria and the ventricles –> PRESSURE IS LOW, the heart is not pushing blood into the arteries.)

38
Q

High blood pressure indicates =

A

blood may be having difficulty moving through vessels due to the build-up of fatty deposits inside arteries or thickening of artery walls

39
Q

cardiac muscle =

A

walls of the heart ==> can contract on its own (without being stimulated by a nerve)

40
Q

myogenic =

A

contraction of cardiac muscle

41
Q

Coronary arteries =

A

blood running through the capillaries in the muscular wall of the heart are supplied by…

(also brings nutrients, oxygen and thus energy)

42
Q

Coronary occlusion =

A

partial or complete obstruction of blood flow in coronary

43
Q

If coronary arters become occluded…

A

the region of heart tissue nourished by the blocked artery will die and cease to function ==> leading to heart attack

44
Q

Causes of coronary occlusion - atheroslerosis

A

= the hardening and narrowing of the artiers due to the desposition of cholesterol

atheromas (fatty deposits) = develop in the arteries and signif. reducde the diameter of the luman

45
Q

atherosclerotic plaques

A

The restricted blood flow increases pressure in the artery leading to damage to the arterial wall. the damaged region is repaired with fibrous tissue which tissue which significantly reduces the elasticity of the vessel wall —> as the smooth lining of the artery is progressively degraded, lesions form…

46
Q

Thrombus

A

plaque ruptures, blood clotting is triggered forming ____ = can block the artery ===> heart attack

47
Q

Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

There are several risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), including:

A GODDESS

A

Age – Blood vessels become less flexible with advancing age
Genetics – Having hypertension predispose individuals to developing CHD
Obesity – Being overweight places an additional strain on the heart
Diseases – Certain diseases increase the risk of CHD (e.g. diabetes)
Diet – Diets rich in saturated fats, salts and alcohol increases the risk
Exercise – Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk of developing CHD
Sex – Males are at a greater risk due to lower oestrogen levels
Smoking – Nicotine causes vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure

48
Q

consequences of coronary occlusion

A

atherosclerosis can lead to blood clots which cause coronary heart disease when they occour in coronary arteries —> if it becomes completely blocked, an acture myocardial infraction can occour

49
Q

myocardial infraction =

A

heart attack

50
Q

treatment for blockages of coronary arteries =

A

by by-pass surgery or creating a stent

51
Q

Pacemaker nerve =

A

region the controls the heart beat.

is located on the wall of the right atrium

each time the pacemaker nerve sends out a signal both atria contract. Once the atria have contracted then the AVN or VAN nerve in the ventricle is stimulated to cause the ventricles to contract

52
Q

nerves and hormones can transmit messages to the pacemaker to control the heart rate

A
53
Q

accelerator nerve (sympathetic nerve)

A

carries messages from the brain to the pacemaker that tell the pacemaker to speed up the beating of the heart

54
Q

Decelerator nerve (parasympathetic nerve - vagus nerve)

A

carries messages from the brain to the pacemaker that tell the pacemaker to slow down the beating

55
Q

Adrenalin (epinephrine)

A

if there is a danger then ___ produced by the adrenal gland near the kidney, is carried to the pacemaker by the bloodstream, tells the pacemaker to speed up the beating of the heart for flight or fight

56
Q

Exercise and blood flow

A

blood flow must increase in order to provide the working muscle with more oxygenated blood. Chemical factors such as a decrease in oxygen concentration and an increase in CO2 or lactic acid concentration in the blood also make the blood vessels to expand to increase blood flow

when the muscles are active they respire more quickly nd cause several changes to the blood, such as decreased O concentration, increased CO2 concentration, decreased pH and increased temperature. All of these changes are detected by various receptor cells around the body, but the pH changes are the most sensitive and therefore the most important

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