Ecology - 5.3 Classification of Biodiversity Flashcards
binomial system
a universal system (between scientists) that allows for the naming of all known and future species - proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1700s (mainly refers to the last 2 sections - genus and species)
sub-species
a group off of a species that usually have unique features and are geographically isolated from the main species
- usually capable of inter-breeding but seldom do
Taxonomy
system of grouping organisms
- new species can be identified
- evolutionary links can be made
- characteristics of organisms can be predicted
- there are a lot of remembering (over 1,500,000) ie makes it easy
(classify organisms by looking at: structural, behavioural and physiological features, DNZ analysis (although can be changed if new evidence in brought in))
hierarchy of taxa
Domaine, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Dumb King Phil Can Order Funky Greek Spices
hierarchy of taxa - Animal (HUMAN)
must memorise 1 human
(D) Eukarya, (K) Animala, (P) Chordata, (C) Mammalia, (O) Primate, (F) Hominidae, (G) Homo, (S) Sapiens
hierarchy of taxa - Plan (GREEN PEAS)
must memorise 1 human
(D) Eukarya, (K) Plantae, (P) tracheophyta, (C) angiosperm, (O) dictyledon, (F) leguminosae, (G) pisum, (S) sativum
The 3 domain system (diagram found in notes)
bacteria - no nucleus
archaraus - ancient, no neucleus
eukarya - has a neucleus
=> all organisms are organised showing the fundamentally different cell types
the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms
(all eukaryotes can be placed into one of these)
Hint:
- P..
- F…
- P…
- A…
full diagram on pg 8 of notes :)
- Protoctista - unicellular, (some multicellular), eukaryotic cells (have membrane-bound organelles w/ nucleus and chromosomes), maybe auto or heterotropic, live in water (euglena/paramecium)
- Fungi - eukaryotic filamentous or unicellular, heterotropic, extracellular digestion, cell walls made of chitin (EG = yeast/mushrooms)
- Plantae - eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, autotropic, cell walls made of cellulose (EG= mosses/ferns)
- Animalia - eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotropic, often motile (can move) (EG = animals/humans)
terrestrial environments
on land
vascular
have xylem and phloem transport tissues
xylem
tissue to transport water
phloem
tissue to transport food/nutrients
Kingdom : Plantae
Hint:
= B
= F
= C
= A
Class = M
Class = D
- eukaryotic, multicellular
- photosynthetic (autotrophic)
- cell walls of cellulose
- food stored -> starch
Type HAVE TO KNOW:
= Bryophyta
= Filicinophyta
= Coniferphyta
= Angiosermophyta
Class = Monocotyledons
Class = Dicotyledons
Bryophyta
Eg Mosses/liverworts
- live in moist, terrestrial environments
- non-vascular
- no ‘true roots’ stems or leaves
- reproduce via spores (ie. no seeds/flowers)
Filicinophyta
Eg Ferns
- live in moist, terrestrial environments
- vascular
- HAS ‘true roots’ stems or leaves
- reproduce via spores (ie. no seeds/flowers)
- have an alternation of sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete producing) generations
Coniferphyta
Eg Pines
- live in terrestrial environments
- vascular
- HAS ‘true roots’ stems or leaves
- has male cones (produce pollen) and female cones
Angiosermophyta
Eg ANY flowering plant
- live in terrestrial environments
- vascular
- HAS ‘true roots’ stems or leaves
- produce flowers w/ male and female gametes (pollen/ova)
- produce seeds in flowers
Angiosermophyta - Class = Monocotyledons
Eg Grasses, corn, lillies
- leaves in parallel veins
- seed has only one part (one cotyledon)
- normal herbaceous (non-woody)
- vascular bundles are spread throughout stem
- flower has 3 petals
Angiosermophyta - Class = Dicotyledons
Eg most trees, shrubs, herbs
- leaves have branching veins
- seed has two parts (two cotyledon)
- often have secondary growth (woody tissue)
- vascular bundles in ring near outside of stem
- flower has 4-5 petals
Kingdom : Animalia
(ALL PHYLLUM)
Hint: = P = C = P = A = M = A = C
- multi cellular
- heterotrophic
- food stored as glycogen and fat
Type HAVE TO KNOW: = Porifera = Cnideria = Platyhelmintha = Annelida = Mollusca = Arthropoda = Chordata
homeotherm
can regulate body temp (ie. warm-blooded)
poikilotherm
can NOT regulate body temp (ie. cold-blooded)
Porifera
Eg Sponges
- Asymmetrical symmetry
- NO mouth or anus
- pores throughout body
- loose collection of cells
Cnideria
Eg Jellyfish, Anemones
- Radial symmetry (ie. round)
- mouth BUT no anus (sac gut)
- hydrostatic skeleton
- stinging tentacles
Platyhelmintha
Eg flatworms, tapeworms
- Bilateral symmetry
- mouth BUT no anus (sac gut)
- hydrostatic skeleton
- flat body
Annelida
Eg. earthworms, leeches
- Bilateral symmetry
- mouth AND anus
- hydrostatic skeleton
- segmented body
Mollusca
Eg. squids, snails
- Bilateral symmetry
- mouth AND anus
- hydrostatic skeleton
- muscular foot …
- most have a shell
Arthropoda
Eg. Ants, beetles, spiders, crabs
- Bilateral symmetry
- mouth AND anus
- Exoskeleton skeleton (chitin)
- joined appendages
Chordata (+ 5 main classes)
- fish
- amphibians
- reptiles
- birds
- mammals
- Bilateral symmetry
- mouth AND anus
- endoskeleton skeleton (bone and cartilage)
- pharyngeal slits
- notochord and spinal column
- post-anal tail (for humans - tail bone)
