Human performance

Question 1

Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation?

1. Reduced competence in manually controlling the aircraft
2. Increased likelihood of slips while programming automatic systems
3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick
4. General decrease in technical reliability

Answer 1

1,2 Correct

Question 2

If man is compared with a computer, it can be said that man:

a) has more effective means of action (output) and is above all capable of considerably synergy
b) has less effective means of data collection that the computer
c) has less effective means of action (output) than the computer
d) is relatively limited compared with a computer, that means of data collection or means of action are referred to

Answer 2

a) has more effective means of action (output) and is above all capable of considerably synergy

Question 3

What would be the priority aim in the design of man-machine interfaces and in the creation of their application procedures for combating problems associated with human error?

a) To reduce the risks of the appearance or non-detection of errors entailing serious consequences
b) To eliminate the risk of latent errors occurring
c) To cater systematically for the consequences of errors in order to analyse their nature and modify ergonomic parameters
d) To put in place redundant alarm systems

Answer 3

a) To reduce the risks of the appearance or non-detection of errors entailing serious consequences

Question 4

A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the traditional tasks of the pilots in a way, that:

a) the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with the consequences of being out of the loop
b) it is guaranteed that the crew maintains always situational awareness
c) Crew Co-ordination can be neglected on long haul flights without compromising safety
d) the crew can pay more attention to solve the problem in an abnormal situation without monitoring the automatic systems

Answer 4

a) the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with the consequences of being out of the loop

Question 5

The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit aircraft has:

a) facilitated feedback from the machine via more concise data for communication on the flight deck
b) considerably improved all the communication facilities of the crew
c) reduced the scope for non-verbal communication in inter-personal relations
d) improved man-machine communication as a result of flight sensations

Answer 5

a) facilitated feedback from the machine via more concise data for communication on the flight deck

Question 6

A system is all the more reliable if it offers good detectability. The latter is the result of:

1. Tolerance of the various systems to errors
2. The sum of the automatic monitoring, detection and warning facilities
3. The reliability of the Man-Man and Man-Machine links
4. The alerting capability of the Man-Machine interface

Answer 6

2,4 correct

Question 7

List advantages of automation:

a) Reduced workload, more time to monitor systems, and when managed properly better situational awareness
b) Easy to learn
c) Automation will generally help pilots to make last minute changes
d) All of the above are correct

Answer 7

a) Reduced workload, more time to monitor systems, and when managed properly better situational awareness

Question 8

List automation disadvantages:

a) It can be difficult to make last minute changes
b) It can be difficult to understand all the modes
c) Flight crew can lose situational awareness if they are complacent
d) All of the above are correct

Answer 8

d) All of the above are correct

Question 9

Define automation complacency:

a) Boredom and automation complacency may occur because some portions of flights are so completely automated, that pilots are lulled into inattention and are either bored or complaced
b) Automation complacency may occur because some flights are so completely automated, that pilots get tired from passive scanning, this can cause automation fatigue

Answer 9

Define automation complacency:

a) Boredom and automation complacency may occur because some portions of flights are so completely automated, that pilots are lulled into inattention and are either bored or complaced

Question 10

What is automation mode awareness?

a) It refers to what mode of awareness a crew has during automated flight
b) Examples of mode awareness include vigilance and situational awareness
c) Being aware of the active mode(s) and understanding the corresponding actions and responses is necessary for proper use of the automated system
d) A and B are correct

Answer 10

c) Being aware of the active mode(s) and understanding the corresponding actions and responses is necessary for proper use of the automated system

Question 11

Which statement about automation is correct?

1. Pilots that always use autopilots can become less confident in their own basic airmanship skills
2. High performing crews thoroughly discuss FMS and automation usage ahead of automation set up and especially before arrival
3. The new generation of automated aircraft have generally demonstrated an improved safety record

Answer 11

All correct

Question 12

The level of automation helps to conserve resources. On the other hand, it may result in:

a) routine errors (slips)
b) behavioural errors
c) decision-making errors
d) errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action

Answer 12

a) routine errors (slips)

Question 13

Which of the following responses lists most of the common hazardous thought patterns (attitudes) for pilots to develop?

a) Anti-authority, impulsiveness, invulnerability, resignation, machismo complex
b) Resignation, confidence, inattention
c) Invulnerability, under-confidence, avoidance of making decisions, lack of situational awareness
d) Machismo (machoism) complex, resignation, confidence, self-criticism

Answer 13

a) Anti-authority, impulsiveness, invulnerability, resignation, machismo complex

Question 14

Which behaviour does most likely promote a constructive solution of interpersonal conflicts?

a) Active listening
b) Responding with counter-arguments
c) Staying to their own point of view
d) Giving up their own point of view

Answer 14

a) Active listening

Question 15

What may become the main risk of a Laissez-faire cockpit?

a) Inversion of authority
b) Lack of communication
c) Appearance of aggressiveness
d) Disengagement of the co-pilot

Laissez-Faire = Cares little for the flight or the crew.

Answer 15

a) Inversion of authority

Question 16

A non-synergetic cockpit:

a) is characterised by withdrawn crew members and unclear communication
b) always results from an over-relaxed atmosphere

Answer 16

a) is characterised by withdrawn crew members and unclear communication

Question 17

What are the most frequent results of a self-centred captain on the flight deck?

a) In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or demonstrate the scapegoat effect
b) A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is in-assertive

Answer 17

a) In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or demonstrate the scapegoat effect

Question 18

How do you understand the statement “one cannot communicate”?

a) Being silent as well as inactive are non-verbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning
b) The statement above is a misprint
c) Each situation requires communication
d) You cannot influence your own communication

Answer 18

a) Being silent as well as inactive are non-verbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning

Question 19

During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the captain starts to smoke a cigarette in the cockpit. The flying co-pilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a non-smoker. The captain tells him: This is your problem, and continues smoking. What should the co-pilot do?

a) He should not further discuss this issue but should come back to this conflict during the debriefing
b) He should report the chief pilot about this behaviour of the captain

Answer 19

a) He should not further discuss this issue but should come back to this conflict during the debriefing

Question 20

During the preparational work in the cockpit the captain notices that his co-pilot on the one hand is rather inexperienced and insecure but on the other hand highly motivated. Which kind of leadership behaviour most likely is inappropriate?

a) The captain lets the co-pilot fly and observes his behaviour without any comments
b) The captain flies the first leg by himself and explains each action to the co-pilot in order to keep him informed about his decisions
c) The captain lets the co-pilot fly and gives him detailed instructions what to do
d) The captain lets the co-pilot fly and encourages him frankly to ask for any support that is needed

Answer 20

a) The captain lets the co-pilot fly and observes his behaviour without any comments

Question 21

What are typical consequences of conflicts between crew members?

1. The quality of work performance decreases as a result of the impoverishment of communications
2. A decrease in the quality of communications
3. A decrease in the usage of available resources on the flight deck
4. In the case of a crew made up of experts, conflicts only result in a deterioration in relations between the individuals

Answer 21

1,2,4 correct

Question 22

What is characterised by a Laissez-faire cockpit?

a) A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members
b) The captain’s authority rules all the actions or decisions associated with the situation
c) The high level of independence granted to each member by the captain quickly leads to tension between the various crew members
d) Each member carries out actions and makes choices without explicitly informing the other members about them

Answer 22

a) A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members

Question 23

What are the most frequent and the least appropriate reactions on the part of a co-pilot when faced with a highly authoritarian captain?

1. Self-assertion
2. A scapegoat feeling
3. Delayed reactions to observed discrepancies
4. Disengagement

Answer 23

2,3,4 correct

Question 24

The three types of Authority Gradient Cockpits are:

a) Autocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic
b) Authoritative, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic

Answer 24

a) Autocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic

Question 25

Situations particularly vulnerable to “reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern” are:

1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed
2. when situations are characterised by medium workload
3. when situations are characterised by stress

Answer 25

1,3 correct

Question 26

Self-concept is how you see yourself.

a) All of us have a mental blueprint or picture of ourselves. This blueprint is composed of ideas, attitudes, values and commitments, which are influenced by our past experiences, our successes and failures, our triumphs and our humiliations.
b) It is part of our personality formed in part by way others reacted to us especially during our formative years.

Answer 26

Both correct

Question 27

Contrary to a person’s personality, attitudes:

a) are the product of personal disposition and past experience with reference to an object or a situation
b) are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the result of the actions associated with them
c) form part of personality and that, as a result, they cannot be changed in an adult
d) are essentially driving forces behind changes in personality

Answer 27

a) are the product of personal disposition and past experience with reference to an object or a situation

Question 28

Define relationship oriented behaviour:

a) The first consideration is the feelings of others
b) The first consideration is to meet personal needs
c) First considerations are given to tasks related to the final goal
d) Low relationship oriented traits combined with low task oriented traits

Answer 28

a) The first consideration is the feelings of others

Question 29

Describe task oriented behaviour:

a) The first consideration is given to the task or goal in the decision making process
b) A person who is high task oriented and low relationship oriented is considered to have an aggressive style of behaviour

c) The first consideration is to solve the tasks and duties of others

Answer 29

Both a and b are correct

Question 30

What is peer pressure?

a) Self-imposed pressure by trying to live up to others performance or expectation
b) A situation where an individual is pressured to perceive (peer-pressured) to understand a complicated task

Answer 30

a) Self-imposed pressure by trying to live up to others performance or expectation

Question 31

To maintain good situational awareness you should:

1. believe only in your own interpretation of the data
2. gather as much data as possible from every possible source before making inferences
3. question whether your hypothesis still fits the situation as events progress and try to make time to review the situation
4. consider ways of testing your situational hypothesis to see whether it is correct

Answer 31

2,3,4 correct

Question 32

What are the most common situational awareness problem(s)?

a) Failure to monitor flight path
b) Distractions caused by malfunctions, radio, checklists, procedures and situations not directly related to flying the aircraft
c) Misunderstandings caused by confusion, instructions, phraseology and mindsets

Answer 32

All correct

Question 33

The ability to monitor information which could indicate the development of a critical situation:

a) is necessary to maintain good situational awareness
b) is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
c) makes no sense because the human information processing system is limited anyway
d) is responsible for the development of inadequate mental models of the real world

Answer 33

a) is necessary to maintain good situational awareness

Question 34

Informal roles within a crew:

a) evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among crew members
b) do not impair the captain’s influence
c) characterise inefficient crews
d) are explicitly set out by the crew

Answer 34

a) evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among crew members

Question 35

Of the following statements, which apply to co-ordinated co-operation?

1. It allows for synergy in the actions between the captain and the pilot
2. It represents the simultaneous execution of a single action by the various members of the crew
3. Communication in this mode has the function of synchronising actions and distributing responsibilities
4. Communication must be essentially focussed on temporal and cognitive synchronisation

Answer 35

1,3 correct

Question 36

What are the advantages of co-ordination?

a) Redundancy, synergy, clarification of responsibility
b) Interaction, cognition, redundancy
c) Redundancy, exploration, risky shift
d) Co-operation, cognition, redundancy

Answer 36

a) Redundancy, synergy, clarification of responsibility

Question 37

In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to:

1. Avoid the synchronisation of verbal and non-verbal channels
2. Send information in line with the receivers decoding abilities
3. Always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only
4. Avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in order to simplify communication

Answer 37

2 is correct

Question 38

Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a check list?

1. The longer a checklist, the more it must be subdivided into logical parts
2. The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the checklist
3. Checklists must be designed in such a way that they can be lumped together with other tasks panel scan sequence should be applied 4. Whenever possible, a
4. Critical points should have redundancies

Answer 38

1,4,5 correct

Question 39

The use of checklists must be carried out in such a way that:

a) their execution must not be done simultaneously with other actions
b) their execution may be done simultaneously with other actions
c) their execution is not lumped together with important tasks

Answer 39

a) their execution must not be done simultaneously with other actions

Question 40

The planning and anticipation of future actions and situations makes it possible to:

1. Create a precise reference framework
2. Avoid saturation of the cognitive system
3. Automate planned actions
4. Activate knowledge which is considered necessary for the period to come

Answer 40

1,2,4 correct

Question 41

Pre-thought action plans may be said to:

1. Ease access to information which may be necessary
2. Sensitise and prepare for a possible situation to come
3. Be readily interchangeable and can therefore be reformulated at any time during the flight
4. Define a framework and a probable strategy for the encountered situation

Answer 41

1,2,4 correct

Question 42

Action plans (SOPs) in a cockpit must:

a) be shared by the members of the crew and updates at each modification in order to maintain maximum synergy
b) only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current MCC procedures
c) only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect individual operators cockpit philosophies
d) be tailored to the individual pilots needs in order to facilitate the normal operation of the aircraft

Answer 42

a) be shared by the members of the crew and updates at each modification in order to maintain maximum synergy

Question 43

If the co-pilot continuously feels unfairly treated by the Captain, he/she should:

a) point out the problem, concentrate on his/her duties and clarify the matter at a more appropriate time
b) speak up and point out the possible consequences if the unfair behaviour persists
c) internally retire and think positive

Answer 43

a) point out the problem, concentrate on his/her duties and clarify the matter at a more appropriate time

Question 44

In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for the problem. The chance that he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is:

a) not usual
b) very rare
c) not applicable with old and experienced pilots
d) not possible since correct training should have eliminated this problem

Answer 44

a) not usual

Question 45

In a glass-cockpit aircraft, communication between the members of the crew:

a) does not lose its importance
b) are facilitated from the non-verbal point of view owing to the increased availability which results from technical lightening of the workload
c) will increase as a result of the increase of technical dissemination of information
d) will be hampered by the decrease in actions brought about by technical improvements

Answer 45

a) does not lose its importance

Question 46

An individually given feedback improves communication. Which of the following rules should a feedback comply with?

a) The feedback should always relate to a specific situation b) The receiver of the feedback should immediately justify his behaviour
c) The feedback should only be given if requested by the captain
d) The feedback should not be referred to a concrete situation

Answer 46

a) The feedback should always relate to a specific situation

Question 47

Success in achieving the objectives of a message requires:

a) the matching of verbal, non-verbal and contextual meanings
b) different codes between form and meaning
c) differences in contexts for the sending and the receiver
d) a form of the message, which should not match the expectation of the receiver

Answer 47

a) the matching of verbal, non-verbal and contextual meanings

Question 48

With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say that:

a) communication uses up resources, thus limiting the resources allocated to work in progress
b) communication is only effective if messages are kept short and sufficiently precise to limit their number
c) all the characteristics of communication, namely output, duration, precision, clarity, etc are stable and are not much affected by changes in workload
d) communication is always sufficiently automated to enable an activity with a high workload element to be carried out at the same time

Answer 48

a) communication uses up resources, thus limiting the resources allocated to work in progress

Question 49

Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit?

1. Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by the crew
2. there is little delegating of tasks
3. Communications are few in number but precise and geared purely to the flight
4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to leadership-style, which fluctuate between authority and laissex-faire

Answer 49

1,4 correct

Task Delegating: It is easy to get overwhelmed with our personal and professional tasks. We often forget that there is only one of us and a million things we need to get done. We can’t possibly do it all or be everywhere we need to be. In order to get things done, we have to learn to let go and let others assist us. It is the only way we can focus on those tasks to which we uniquely add value - versus tasks that one does well but that others are able to do. Letting go can be hard at first. We sometimes feel like the tasks or projects in front of us our are babies or our special challenge to overcome. Initially, we may feel like we are the only ones who can do the job properly. But, other people can get the job done. It is hard at first but as time goes on it gets easier.

Question 50

What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of time pressure?

a) A strategy of preparing decisions
b) A non-sequential strategy
c) A strategy of no commitment
d) A Laissez-faire strategy

Answer 50

a) A strategy of preparing decisions

Question 51

Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to conflicts?

1. Seeking arbitration
2. Actively listening to other people
3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level
4. Becoming aware of cultural influences

Answer 51

1,2,4 correct

Question 52

The relevance of check procedures during flight becomes even more important when:

a) flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental pressure
b) conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform
c) flying an aircraft which you have flown recently
d) flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before

Answer 52

a) flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental pressure

Question 53

A study by NASA has examined the relationships between incidents linked with ground-to-crew communication. Which of the following factors is the main reason for disturbances in the correct reception of a message?

a) Listening errors
b) Errors in understanding clearance values
c) Mother tongue differing from working language

Answer 53

a) Listening errors

Question 54

With regard to the practice of English, which of the following statements is correct?

a) All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language
b) Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this allows for effective management of any flight’s communication

Answer 54

a) All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language

Question 55

Which of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct?

a) Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution
b) Whatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution must necessarily involve an additional party if it is to be effective
c) Conflicts are negative in themselves and can only lead to a general detachment of involved parties
d) The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into question the general abilities of one of the involved parties

Answer 55

a) Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution

Question 56

What characterises the notion of role?

a) The function and behaviour associated with the particular role
b) Only the functions associated with role
c) The hierarchical position of the function and the associated behaviour
d) The characteristic behaviour associated with the description of the various roles of a particular status

Answer 56

a) The function and behaviour associated with the particular role

Question 57

Professional languages have certain characteristics for example:

1. They use a limited vocabulary
2. They are rich and adapted to the context, which sometimes lead to ambiguities
3. Their grammar is rather complicated and complex
4. Context provides meaning, therefore reduces the risk of ambiguities

Answer 57

1,4 correct

Question 58

Different non-technical related opinions between pilots from different cultural backgrounds might be seen in connection with:
1. The variations of technical training and skills

2. Communication problems
3. Conflicting ways of management
4. Interpersonal problems

Answer 58

2,3,4 correct

Question 59

What are communication qualities of a good briefing? A good briefing must:

1. Contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible
2. Be of a standard type so that it can be reused for another flight of the same type
3. Be short and precise
4. Be understandable to the other crew member(s).

Answer 59

2,3,4 correct

Question 60

What optimises crew co-operation?

1. Sharing and common task
2. Confidence in each other’s capability
3. Precise definition of functions associated with each crew member’s role

Answer 60

All correct

Question 61

How effective communication is, depends heavily on:

a) the sender
b) the influencing factors
c) the receiver
d) the workload

Answer 61

a) the sender

Question 62

Define active listening

a) Active listening involves a genuine desire to understand another person’s perception and sensitivity to others thoughts and feelings
b) Listening and expressing understanding of what another person has said

Answer 62

Both correct

Question 63

“Feedback” in communication implies that:

a) a message is measured and corrected against the original meaning
b) Storing of messages in short time memory is available for later release

Answer 63

a message is measured and corrected against the original meaning

Question 64

A leader who demonstrates a democratic and co-operative style will deal with conflict by:

a) trying to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all persons involved
b) trying to reconcile all persons involved in the conflict and tries to re- establish a pleasant and friendly atmosphere within the team

Answer 64

a) trying to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all persons involved

Question 65

Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork:

1. Workload is lessened
2. Conformity to group norm
3. Flight safety enhanced
4. Risky Shift
5. Work stress is reduced
6. Improved decision-making

Answer 65

1,3,5,6 correct

Question 66

Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient decision making on the cockpit?

a) Ability to persuade others to follow their own point of view
b) Communicational skills and social competence
c) Ability to search for and examine all available information regarding a situation
d) Ability to think ahead and specify alternative courses of action

Answer 66

a) Ability to persuade others to follow their own point of view

Question 67

Which biases relate to human decision making?

1. Personal experience tends to alter the perception of the risk of an event occurring
2. There is a natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it
3. The group to which an individual belongs tends to influence the particular decision
4. There is natural tending to select only objective facts for decision-making purposes

Answer 67

1,2,3 correct

Question 68

In terms of decision-making, the intention to become integrated into the team, to be recognised as the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to:

a) the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members
b) an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own ability to lead
c) the suggestion of a sequential solution in which everyone can contribute what he/she knows
d) the improvement of internal risk assessment capabilities

Answer 68

a) the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members

Question 69

The decision making in emergency situations requires firstly:

a) distribution of tasks and crew co-ordination
b) the whole crew to focus on the problem

Answer 69

a) distribution of tasks and crew co-ordination

Question 70

Habits and routine can influence decision-making in a way that:

a) a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best possible result
b) professional pilots will never question established procedures
c) one always wants to see previous experience confirmed by new decisions
d) one always selects a choice in accordance with the company’s usual practices

Answer 70

a) a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best possible result

Question 71

The confirmation bias of decision making is:

a) a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a decision is poor
b) a tendency not to look for information which would reassure oneself about a decision
c) a tendency not to seek for information which confirms a judgement
d) a tendency to look for facts that confirm expectations before implementing one’s decision

Answer 71

a) a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a decision is poor

Question 72

In the decision-making process, confirmation bias results in:

a) a tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision
b) a tendency to look for approval by other crew-members or by the ATC
c) choosing familiar solutions, even if they are not the best ones
d) over-estimating the frequency of some events

Answer 72

a) a tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision

Question 73

Arrow A pilot meets the ground engineer in charge on the apron. Although the pilot has not been through flight preparation yet, he nevertheless instructs the engineer as to the amount of fuel to be loaded, since he is used to flying this route. This behaviour represents:

a) a decision bias due to habits (frequency bias)

Answer 73

a) a decision bias due to habits (frequency bias)

Question 74

Which problem may be overlooked in the process of making a decision?

a) Owing to great haste, bypassing analysis of the current actual situation in order to apply the decision prepared beforehand
b) The captain’s superior knowledge, justified by his/her status
c) Preparing decisions often leads to strategies of minimum commitment
d) Preparing decisions promotes the appearance of inflexibilities

Answer 74

a) Owing to great haste, bypassing analysis of the current actual situation in order to apply the decision prepared beforehand

Question 75

Which of the following characteristics form part of decision-making on the flight deck?

a) A good decision depends on analysis of the situation
b) A good decision can always be reversed if its result does not come up to expectations
c) A group decision must always be established prior to action
d) A decision is only valid in a defined and delimited time

Answer 75

a) A good decision depends on analysis of the situation

Question 76

What happens in problem-solving when the application of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved?

a) Actions return to an automatic mode
b) A switch is made to knowledge-based mode in order to continue monitoring of the problem
c) A second monitoring rule must be applied
d) A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the results

Answer 76

a) Actions return to an automatic mode

Question 77

Many pilots think up systems to deal with affairs so they do not have to think up every time what they have to do:

a) this has to be positively appreciated for it increases consistency in action
b) this has to be advised against for it reduces flexibility at a moment a problem has to be solved by improvisation
c) this is dangerous for every situation is different
d) this has to be rejected for the company draws the rules and the procedures they have to comply with

Answer 77

a) this has to be positively appreciated for it increases consistency in action

Question 78

Decisions made by pilots in a cockpit:

a) remain valid for a limited time only
b) are always irreversible

Answer 78

a) remain valid for a limited time only

Question 79

Having made an important decision, a Commander of an aircraft should:

a) Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing
b) Explain the reasons for the decision only if time permits in the air

Answer 79

a) Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing

Question 80

What are the main advantages that the human possesses over those of a machine in the decision making process?

a) Creativity, innovation, adaptability
b) The ability to analyse and compare
c) The ability to analyse and memorise
d) The ability to reach the most advantageous option from a number of choices

Answer 80

a) Creativity, innovation, adaptability

Question 81

Which of the following personally characteristics makes crew decision making most effective?

a) Assertiveness
b) Friendliness
c) Competitiveness
d) General intelligence

Answer 81

a) Assertiveness

Question 82

In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends:

1. on objective and subjective criteria
2. on the objective to be achieved
3. on the risks associated with each solution
4. above all on the personality of the decision-maker

Answer 82

All correct

Question 83

Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error? Active error is:

a) produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected via the effects and consequences which it induces on the overall action
b) produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results in a hidden or latent consequence at a specific moment of the action
c) essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by airplane designers
d) rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations

Active Errors: Where the consequences of the error are felt almost immediately e.g. Over-rotation in a 747 can lead rapidly to a tail-strike.

Front line operators: Such as air traffic controllers, pilots and engineers.

Answer 83

a) produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected via the effects and consequences which it induces on the overall action

Question 84

The descriptive aspect of errors according to Hollnagels model describes various directly observable types of erroneous actions which are:

1. Repetition and omission
2. The forward leap and the backward leap
3. Intrusion and anticipation
4. Intrusion

Answer 84

1,2,4 correct

Question 85

What are the main consequences of latent errors? They:

1. Remain undetected in the system for a certain length of time
2. May only manifest themselves under certain conditions
3. Are quickly detectable by the front-line operator whose mental schemes on the instantaneous situation filter out formal errors
4. Lull the pilots into security.

Answer 85

1,2,4 correct

Latent Errors: Where the consequences may lie dormant in the system for some time. e.g. Incorrectly programming a way-point in the nav database is a latent error.

Question 86

Errors which occur during highly automated actions may result from:

1. The capture of a poor action sub-programme
2. A mistake in the decision making process
3. The application of a poor rule
4. An action mode error

Answer 86

1,4 correct

Question 87

According to Rasmussen’s model, errors are of the following type(s) in skill-based control mode:

a) routine errors
b) creative errors
c) knowledge errors
d) handling errors

Answer 87

a) routine errors

Question 88

According to Rasmussen’s model, errors in rule-based control mode are of the following type(s):

a) errors of technical knowledge
b) handling errors
c) routine errors
d) creative errors

Answer 88

a) errors of technical knowledge

Question 89

What are the main characteristics of active errors? They:

1. are detectable only with difficulty by first-line operators
2. have rapid and direct consequences on the action in progress
3. are down to first-line operators
4. have an impact on the overall action whose timing may be affected significantly

Answer 89

2,3 correct

Question 90

Give an example of random error:

a) The rifle shoots on a target has not hit the centre. Some hits are too high and some too low
b) The rifle shoots on a target is to the right side of the centre
c) A pilot tends to forget to turn off the beacon after his/her flights
d) A pilot forgot to set the correct altimeter setting causing a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) accident

Answer 90

a) The rifle shoots on a target has not hit the centre. Some hits are too high and some too low

Question 91

How can the error chain help pilots to prevent accidents?

a) Recognition of the presence of the elements of the error chain does not - in itself - eliminate the risk of an accident. Instead, it serves as a warning to the crew that they must take correct action to manage the progress of flight in the face of rising risks
b) Correct use of the error chain will in itself prevent most accidents
c) Recognition of the presence of the elements of the error chain will eliminate the risk of an accident
d) The error chain can help flight crew minimise the effects after a serious error has caused a problem

Answer 91

a) Recognition of the presence of the elements of the error chain does not - in itself - eliminate the risk of an accident. Instead, it serves as a warning to the crew that they must take correct action to manage the progress of flight in the face of rising risks

Question 92

Select the links in the error chain:

a) Ambiguity, distractions, non-one flying, no-one looking outside, non-standard procedures, violating minima, unresolved discrepancies, departure from SOP and incomplete communications
b) Ambiguity, distractions, confusion, no-one flying, no-one looking outside, non-standard procedures, violating minima, unresolved discrepancies, departure from SOP and incomplete communications
c) Ambiguity, distractions, confusion, no-one flying, no-one looking outside, non-standard procedures, violating minima, unresolved discrepancies, departure from SOP and incomplete communications
d) Ambiguity, distractions, confusion, no-one flying, no-one looking outside, fatigue, non-standard procedures, violating minima, unresolved discrepancies, departure from SOP and incomplete communications

Answer 92

Crazy question! All options have same items except (d) which is marked correct and has a unique item in it i.e. “Fatigue”. Option (d) has 11 items in it.

Question 93

Active errors/failures are committed at:

a) the human/system interface and have an immediate effect
b) the system/system interface and have an immediate effect

Answer 93

a) the human/system interface and have an immediate effect

Question 94

An unnoticed way-point error entered in an aircraft data base is an example of:

a) Latent failure/error
b) Active failure/error

Answer 94

a) Latent failure/error

Question 95

Human error rates during the performance of a simple and repetitive task can normally be expected to be approximately:

a) 1 in 10
b) 1 in 50
c) 1 in 100
d) 1 in 250

Answer 95

a) 1 in 10

Question 96

Which of the following human error rates can be described as both realistic and pretty good, after methodical training:

a) 1 in 100 times
b) 1 in 1000 times
c) 1 in 10000 times
d) 1 in 100000 times

Answer 96

a) 1 in 100 times

Question 97

Q.3. Which of the following human error rates can be described and pretty good realistic and pretty good after methodical training?

a) 1 in 100 times
b) 1 in 1000 times
c) 1 in 10,000 times
d) 1 in 100,000 times

Answer 97

b) 1 in 1000 times

Question 98

If one error is allowed to effect a whole system, the system is described as:

a) Vulnerable
b) Error-prone
c) Corrupted

Answer 98

a) Vulnerable

Question 99

Mode Error is associated with:

a) Automation
b) Hardware
c) Check lists

Answer 99

a) Automation

Question 100

Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human error are:

1. malfunction of technical systems
2. fuel-saving policies
3. rostering
4. weather phenomena

Answer 100

2,3 correct

Question 101

The causes of human error can be abundant and complex. Which of the following factors could contribute to human error?

1. Personality
2. Motivation and attitudes
3. Emotional state
4. External environmental factors

Answer 101

All correct

Question 102

The errors of a motor programme are:

a) Action Slip and Environmental Capture (Habituation)
b) Action Slip and Confirmation Bias

Answer 102

a) Action Slip and Environmental Capture (Habituation)

Question 103

Waiting for take-off on the runway, a pilot is informed by the tower that the tail wind component is 12 kt. According to the manual, the limitation is 10 kt max. The pilot makes a decision to take-off anyway, as the runway is long. What type of error is?

a) A violation
b) An error of reasoning
c) A decision error

Answer 103

a) A violation

Question 104

Once detected, an error will result in cognitive consequences which:

a) make it possible to modify behaviour with a view to adaptation
b) have virtually no interaction with behaviour
c) destabilise cognitive progress and maintain the error
d) are prompted by inductive factors

Answer 104

a) make it possible to modify behaviour with a view to adaptation

Question 105

Improvement of human reliability should entail:

a) an effort to understand the causes and find means of recovery for errors committed
b) in aviation, the elimination of errors on the part of front-line operators
c) the elimination of latent errors before they can affect performance
d) the analysis of modes of human failures

Answer 105

a) an effort to understand the causes and find means of recovery for errors committed

Question 106

What means can be used to combat human error?

1. Reducing error-prone mechanisms
2. Improving the way in which error is taken into account in-training
3. Sanctions against the initiators of error
4. Improving recovery from errors and its consequences

Answer 106

1,2,4 correct

Question 107

What may be the origins of representation errors?

1. Perception errors
2. The catering for all available information
3. Incorrect information from the observed world
4. The receipt of a bad piece of information

Answer 107

1,3,4 Correct

Question 108

Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level?

1. Omission
2. The application of a poor rule
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule

Answer 108

2,4 correct

Question 109

A selective attentional mechanism is required:

a) because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory
b) because of the limitations of the sense organs
c) because of limitations in our store of motor programmes
d) because the capacity of the long term memory is limited

Answer 109

a) because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory

Question 110

Divided attention is the ability:

1. To execute several mental activities at almost the same time (ie. when switching attention from outside the aircraft to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel)
2. To monitor the progress of a motor programme (ie flying or taxiing the airplane) on a relatively subconscious level, while making a radio call at the same time 9requiring a rather conscious level)
3. To select information and check if it is relevant to the task in hand. At the same time no other operation can be performed
4. To delegate tasks to the co-pilot while concentrating on the procedures

Answer 110

1,2 correct

Ability to subconsciously monitor more than one channel is referred to as “Divided Attention”.

Divided attention is “alternative management of several matters of interest”.

The cocktail party effect is: “the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally” (selective attention). It is associated with “attention mechanisms”.

Question 111

What are the various factors which guide attention?

1. The level of automation of behaviour
2. Response time
3. The salience of the information
4. Expectations

Answer 111

1,3,4 correct

Question 112

The ability of detecting relevant information which is not presented in an actively monitored input channel is known as:

a) attention
b) perception
c) sensation
d) appreciation

Answer 112

a) attention

Question 113

In a complex task high levels of arousal:

a) narrow the span of attention
b) improve performance
c) lead to better decision-making
d) reduce failures

Answer 113

a) narrow the span of attention

Question 114

Concentration is essential for pilots:

a) However, capacity of concentration is limited
b) It only takes a little willpower to increase one’s capacity of concentration without limits
c) Vigilance is all that is required to be attentive
d) All intellectual processes, including very routined ones, make demands on resources and therefore on one’s concentration

Answer 114

a) However, capacity of concentration is limited

Question 115

Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due to:

a) practice and experience
b) innate mechanisms
c) maturation

Answer 115

a) practice and experience

Question 116

How can the process of learning be facilitated?

a) By reinforcing successful trials
b) By reinforcing errors

Answer 116

a) By reinforcing successful trials

Question 117

The quality of learning:

a) is promoted by feedback on the value of one’s own performance
b) depends on long-term memory capacity
c) is independent of the level of motivation
d) is independent of age

Answer 117

a) is promoted by feedback on the value of one’s own performance

Question 118

Which of the following are primary sources of motivation in day-to-day professional life?

1. Being in control of one’s own situation
2. Fear of punishment
3. Success (achievement of goals)
4. Social promotion, money

Answer 118

All correct

Question 119

Motivation is a quality which is often considered vital in the pilots work to maintain safety:

a) is necessary to maintain good situational awareness
b) a high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in complete safety
c) is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
d) is responsible for the development of inadequate mental models of the real world

However “Excessive Motivation” imposes expectations and filters that affect our ability to fully assess the situation and any safety risks. It includes, but is not limited to, “GET HOME-itis” and an overriding sense of mission importance (e.g. “you have to go out. . .”).

Answer 119

a) is necessary to maintain good situational awareness

Question 120

Which of the following statements summarises the impact that motivation may have on attention?

a) It increases the mobilisation of energy and thus facilitates the quality of alertness and attention
b) It only facilitates attention in extreme cases (risk of death)
c) Motivation has only a small effect on attention, but it facilitates alertness
d) It stimulates attention but may lead to phases of low arousal

Answer 120

a) It increases the mobilisation of energy and thus facilitates the quality of alertness and attention

Question 121

Which of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct?

a) Extremely high, motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management capabilities
b) Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention

Answer 121

a) Extremely high, motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management capabilities

Question 122

The needs of an individual lead to:

a) a change in the individuals motivation and consequently to an adaptation of the behaviour
b) preservation from dangers only if social needs are being satisfied
c) no change in his motivation and consequently to the persistence of the individuals behaviour inregard to the desired outcome
d) prolonged suppression of all basic needs in favour of high self- actualisation

The needs of an individual lead to a change in his motivation

Answer 122

a) a change in the individuals motivation and consequently to an adaptation of the behaviour

Question 123

Which of the following are included in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

1. Freedom from pain and danger
2. Expressions of capacities and talents
3. Self-esteem needs
4. Self-fulfilment needs
5. Physiological needs

Answer 123

All of them

Question 124

Mental schemes correspond to:

a) memorised representations of the various procedures and situations which can be reactivated by the pilot at will
b) daily planning of probable dangerous situations
c) the memorisation of regulatory procedures associated with a particular situation
d) memorised procedures which develop and change rapidly during change-over to a new machine

Answer 124

a) memorised representations of the various procedures and situations which can be reactivated by the pilot at will

Question 125

The development of procedures makes pilots more effective and more reliable in their actions. This is called:

a) procedural consistency
b) mental model
c) knowledge-based behaviour

Answer 125

a) procedural consistency

Question 126

Mental training, mental rehearsal of cognitive pre-training is called the inner, ideomotor simulation of actions.

a) It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual motor skills
b) It is most important for self-control
c) It is most effective, if it is practiced on an abstract level if imagination
d) It is more effective than training by doing

Answer 126

a) It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual motor skills

Question 127

Mental training is helpful to improve flying skills:

a) at all levels of flying proficiency
b) only at a certain level of flying experience

Answer 127

a) at all levels of flying proficiency

Question 128

In problem-solving, what determines the transition from rules-based activities to a knowledge-based activity?

a) The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed
b) Attentional capture
c) Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed
d) The unsuitability of the automated action

Answer 128

a) The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed

Question 129

Under what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to rule-based level?

a) When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the intended outcome
b) The appearance of a situation or problem which is unknown and completely new
c) Failure of all the known rules
d) An automated cognitive check procedure

Answer 129

a) When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the intended outcome

Question 130

Whilst flying a co-ordinated turn, most of your activity is:

a) skill based behaviour
b) knowledge based behaviour
c) rule based behaviour

Answer 130

a) skill based behaviour

Question 131

The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and conditions of the landing is:

a) skill based behaviour
b) always automated behaviour
c) knowledge based behaviour

Answer 131

a) skill based behaviour

Question 132

Which of the following tasks are possible to do simultaneously without mutual interference?

a) Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem
b) Read and listen attentively
c) Listen attentively and solve a problem
d) Talk and rehearse a frequency in working memory

Answer 132

a) Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem

Question 133

The Skill-based, Rule-based, Knowledge-based Model (Jens Rasmussen) is associated with:

a) behaviour
b) motor programmes

Answer 133

a) behaviour

Question 134

The first stage in the information process is:

a) sensory stimulation
b) the recognition of information
c) selective attention
d) perception

Answer 134

a) sensory stimulation

Question 135

According to Wickens theory, the human brain has:

a) different reservoirs of resources depending on whether one is in the information-gathering,information-processing or action phase
b) processing capabilities which function at peak level when different tasks call for the same resources
c) unlimited information-processing resources
d) cognitive resources which are centred on action

Answer 135

a) different reservoirs of resources depending on whether one is in the information-gathering,information-processing or action phase

Question 136

The human information processing system is highly efficient compared to computers because of its:

a) flexibility
b) speed

Answer 136

a) flexibility

Question 137

The readiness for tracing information which could indicate the development of a critical situation:

a) is necessary to maintain good situational awareness
b) makes no sense because the human information processing system is limited anyway
c) is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
d) is responsible for the development of inadequate mental models of the real world

Answer 137

a) is necessary to maintain good situational awareness

Question 138

Illusions of interpretation (cognitive illusions) are:

a) associated with the task of mental construction of the environment
b) due mainly to a conflict between the various sensory systems
c) due mainly to a poor interpretation of instrumental data
d) solely induced in the absence of external reference points

Answer 138

a) associated with the task of mental construction of the environment

Question 139

The available cognitive resources of the human brain:

a) are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time
b) are limited but make it possible to easily perform several tasks at the same time
c) are virtually unlimited
d) allow for twin-tasks operation without any loss of effectiveness

Answer 139

a) are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time

Question 140

Of the following statements, select those which apply to information
1. It is said to be random when it is not intended for receivers

2. It is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver
3. it is measured in bits
4. Each bit of information reduces uncertainty by a quarter

Answer 140

2,3 correct

Question 141

Acute stress quickly leads to:

a) the mobilisation of resources required to cope with the stressor
b) a decrease in the amount of resources mobilised to face the situation
c) a state of over-activation beyond the control of willpower

Answer 141

a) the mobilisation of resources required to cope with the stressor

Question 142

Stress appears:

1. Only in a situation of imminent danger
2. Only when faced with real, existing and palpable phenomenon
3. Sometimes via imagination, the anticipation of a situation or its outcome
4. Because of the similarity with a formerly experienced stressful situation

Answer 142

3,4 correct

Question 143

What triggers stress in humans?

a) The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced
b) Always the awareness of an emotion and a physiological activation (eg rapid heart rate)
c) Objective stimulation from the environment regards of subjective perceptions
d) Only strong excitations of the sensory organs: a flash of light, noise, the smell of smoke

Answer 143

a) The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced

Question 144

Stress is above all:

a) the best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for responding to the various situation which he may have to face
b) a response by man to his problems, which automatically leads to a reduction in his performance

Answer 144

a) the best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for responding to the various situation which he may have to face

Question 145

An overstressed pilot may show the following symptoms:

1. mental blocks, confusion and channelised attention
2. resignation, frustration, rage
3. deterioration in motor co-ordination
4. high pitch voice and fast speaking

Answer 145

All Correct

Question 146

Stress is a response which is prompted by the occurrence of various stressors. Of these, which can be called physiological?

a) Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation
b) Noise, hunger, conflicts, a death
c) Heat, humidity, fatigue, administrative problems
d) Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce

Answer 146

a) Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation

Question 147

Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions?

1. noise
2. interpersonal conflict
3. temperature
4. administrative problem
5. hunger

Answer 147

1,3,5 correct

Question 148

A stress reaction is:

a) the non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person
b) the specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person

Answer 148

a) the non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person

Question 149

The resistance phase of stress reaction is characterised by:

1. activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
2. testosterone secretion which enables fats to be converted into sugar
3. a sudden fall in stress resistance
4. the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when lasting over a prolonged time

Answer 149

1,4 correct

Question 150

Stress is:

a) a mechanism by which an individual can respond to situations which he/she may have to face
b) a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control

Answer 150

a) a mechanism by which an individual can respond to situations which he/she may have to face

Question 151

Arrow What is the most decisive factor in regard to a very demanding stress situation?

a) The subjective evaluation of the situation by the individual
b) The time available to cope with the situation
c) The objective threat of the situation
d) The unexpected outcome of the situation

Answer 151

a) The subjective evaluation of the situation by the individual

Question 152

According to the different phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome check the following statements:

1. During the alarm phase stress hormones (ie. adrenalin) will cause a massive release of glucose into the blood, an acceleration of pulse and blood pressure as well as an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
2. During the resistance phase the parasympathetic system uses a different type of hormone (cortisol) assisting to convert fat into sugar thus providing sufficient energy supply to the brain and body cells for sustained operation
3. During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given time to eliminate the waste products which have been generated excessively during the two proceeding phases

Answer 152

All correct

Question 153

Select the correct statements:

1. Adaptation is a new state of equilibrium after having coped with a stressful situation.
2. An individual’s prospect of the situation and his/her abilities to cope with it will determine the type and strength of stress.

Answer 153

Both correct

Question 154

Learning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot because he is lacking experience. Manifestations of this type of stress are:

1. nervousness and channelised attention
2. being rough at the controls
3. smoke and drink much more alcohol than usual
4. airsickness, lack of sleep

Answer 154

1,2 correct

Question 155

The behavioural effects of stress may include:

1. manifestation of aggressiveness
2. a willingness to improve communication
3. a willingness for group cohesion
4. a tendency to withdrawal
5. inappropriate gestural agitation

Answer 155

1,4,5 correct

Question 156

The cognitive effects of stress may include:

1. excessive haste
2. an improvement in memory
3. a complete block: action is impossible
4. a risk of focussing on a particular aspect
5. ease of decision-making
6. an increase in the rate of mistakes

Answer 156

1,3,4,6 correct

Question 157

Experiencing stress depends on:

a) the individual interpretation of the situation
b) the environment of the situation which the individual will live through or is in the process of living through
c) the fragility of individuals to certain types of stimulation
d) the individuals state of tiredness

Answer 157

a) the individual interpretation of the situation

Question 158

The individual’s perception of stress depends

a) the subjective evaluation of the situation and one’s abilities to cope with it
b) the objective evaluation of the situation and one’s abilities to cope with it
c) the pilot’s increasing level of arousal
d) the conditions of the current situation only

Answer 158

a) the subjective evaluation of the situation and one’s abilities to cope with it

Question 159

If coping with a stress situation is impossible, one will remain in the state of:

a) distress
b) adaptation

Answer 159

a) distress

Question 160

What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the stress reactions?

1. increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline secretion
2. an increase in heart rate, respiration and release of glucose
3. a decrease in stress resistance
4. activation of the digestive system
5. secretion of cortisol to mobilise attention

Answer 160

1,2,3 correct

Question 161

Define arousal:

a) Arousal can be defined as an individual’s preparedness for a difficult task
b) A high arousal level usually indicates either a high level of activity or preparedness for a high level of activity
c) A high level of arousal is usually accompanied by a high level of vigilance and is generally the opposite of drowsiness or day-dreaming

Answer 161

All Correct

Question 162

What are the effects of excessive stress?

a) It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, but may focus attention inappropriately
b) It reduces vigilance and focuses attention

Answer 162

a) It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, but may focus attention inappropriately

Question 163

Among the physiological responses to stress are:

a) sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties
b) sweating, dry mouth and anxiety
c) increased heart rate, apprehension and sweating
d) anxiety, fatigue and fear

Answer 163

a) sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties

Question 164

Of the following statements regarding stress, which is correct?

a) Stress may be positive, fatigue is always negative
b) Stress and anxiety are the same in every sense
c) Stress and fatigue are synonymous

Answer 164

a) Stress may be positive, fatigue is always negative

Question 165

Signs of stress include:

a) Perspiration, dry mouth, dilated pupils, fast breathing
b) Lowering of the blood pressure
c) Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart
d) Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart

Answer 165

There is no lowering of blood pressure or stabbing pain around heart.
a) Perspiration, dry mouth, dilated pupils, fast breathing

Question 166

In order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should:

a) maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences
b) drop activities outside work so as to focus on his work better
c) forget about bad past experiences
d) avoid anticipating events during a flight to manage his workload

Answer 166

a) maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences

Question 167

Physical stress takes place when:

a) outside conditions put a strain upon the homeostatic mechanisms of the body
b) the perceived demand is greater than the perceived ability
c) the brain can no longer cope due to either quantitative or qualitative overload
d) overload of the neurones in the nervous system

Answer 167

a) outside conditions put a strain upon the homeostatic mechanisms of the body

Question 168

Select from the following list of environmental stressors:

1. Heat
2. Humidity
3. Divorce
4. Lack of rest
5. Loss of job
6. Noise

Answer 168

1,2,6 Correct

Question 169

The first cockpit tool that tends to suffer as a result of stress:

a) Cockpit communications
b) Cockpit synergy
c) Cockpit cohesion
d) Cockpit entity

Answer 169

a) Cockpit communications

Question 170

The resistance phase of stress:

a) allows fats to be transformed into sugars, thereby prolonging the mobilisation of energy in the body
b) is characterised by the secretion of adrenalin, increased heart rate and bloods pressure

Answer 170

a) allows fats to be transformed into sugars, thereby prolonging the mobilisation of energy in the body

Question 171

Which of the following list may stress effect?

1. Attention
2. Concentration
3. Memory
4. Judgement

Answer 171

All correct

Question 172

Which of the following statements is false?

a) Stress has essentially negative effects and the human will operate efficiently with an absence of stress
b) Behaviour is generally the outcome of personality and attitude
c) Human conflict tends to escalate
d) The initial effects of carbon monoxide poisoning are not immediately alarming

Answer 172

a) Stress has essentially negative effects and the human will operate efficiently with an absence of stress

Question 173

In-flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by:

a) acute gastrointestinal disorders
b) cardio-vascular disorders
c) chronic pulmonary disorders

Answer 173

acute gastrointestinal disorders

Question 174

Phobic states or obsessional disorders will:

a) may require successful treatment before flying may be permitted
b) always result in permanent loss of a flying licence
c) result in the loss of a Class 1 medical classification after successful treatment
d) require immediate termination of all flying duties

Answer 174

a) may require successful treatment before flying may be permitted

Question 175

Among the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are:

a) Headache and lack of concentration
b) Difficulty in focussing on near-by objects
c) Double vision and puffiness around the eyes
d) Severe eye and head aches

Answer 175

a) Headache and lack of concentration

Question 176

To prevent gastro-intestinal problems in tropical climates you should:

1. not eat salad or raw vegetables
2. always peel fruit
3. only eat food that has been properly cooked
4. avoid ice cream

Answer 176

All correct

Question 177

Trace elements should be obtained through:

a) a balanced diet
b) vitamin pills
c) eating plenty of meat and vegetables
d) dairy products and vegetables

Answer 177

a) a balanced diet

Question 178

The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce modifications in cells which develop a cancer) in the bronchi of the lungs is:

a) tar
b) nicotine
c) carbon monoxide

Answer 178

a) tar

Question 179

The chemical substance responsible for addiction to tobacco is:

a) nicotine
b) carbon monoxide
c) tar
d) the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide

Answer 179

a) nicotine

Question 180

Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will:

a) cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance
b) not affect night vision when flying at sea level

Answer 180

a) cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance

Question 181

A slight lack of co-ordination which can make it difficult to carry out delicate and precise movements occurs when the level of alcohol in the blood is exceeding: “0.05% blood alcohol”

% concentration is based on g/100mL.

0.05% means 0.05g/100ml

or 50 mg/100ml

Legal limits for driving are set between 50mg/100ml and 80mg/100ml.

Blood alcohol concentrations as low as 40mg/100ml are associated with significant increases in errors committed by pilots according to a study.

Alcohol metabolism (elimination rate): “is approximately 0.015% per hour and cannot be expedited”

The body breaks alcohol down at the rate of about 15mg/100ml an hour.

Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may: “intensify the effects of the drugs”.

Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may be lost.

Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities: “can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia” and “Judgement and decision making can be affected”.

Alcohol degrades: “paradoxical sleep”

Approximately how long will a blood/alcohol level of 60 mgm/100 ml take to return to normal? “4 hours”

The body breaks alcohol down at the rate of about 15mg/100ml an hour.

The organ which metabolises alcohol from the body is the “Liver”

Answer 181

just theory

Question 182

The sleep pattern is closely associated with “Body Temperature”

Which is correct:

1. Paradoxic sleep refreshes the brain, memory and body
2. Paradoxic sleep decreases during the night

Answer 182

Both Incorrect

The final stage of sleep is the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. In this stage the brain activity is the same as you would get from an individual that is awake. The eyes twitch rapidly (REM) but the muscles are completely relaxed. REM sleep is also known as paradoxical sleep because apart from the relaxed muscles and the closed eyes, it is as if the person is awake. First bout of REM (paradoxical) sleep occurs for about 10 minutes. As the sleep cycle continues throughout the night, REM sleep becomes longer. A typical night sleep will contain four or five REM cycles. REM sleep increases when learning new skills. It seems to be a way of strengthening and organising memory whereas slow wave sleep increases after exercise and is associated with the restoration of the body and the reconstitution of neuron energy reserves.

Question 183

The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night’s sleep.

1. Each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of REM-sleep
2. Frequent interruption of the REM-sleep can harm a human being in the long run

Answer 183

Both Correct

Question 184

During paradoxical sleep:

a) rapid eye movements can be observed
b) the tone of the muscles is similar to that in the waking state
c) respiration is very regular
d) the rhythm of the heart is very regular

Answer 184

a) rapid eye movements can be observed

Question 185

The duration of a period of sleep is governed primarily by:

a) the point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to sleep
b) the duration of your previous sleep
c) the amount of time you have been awake
d) the number of points you have in your credit/deficit system

Answer 185

a is correct