Human nutrition

Question 1

Define balanced diet [7]

Answer 1

all of the food groups in the correct proportions
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Dietary Fibre
Water

Question 2

Carbonhydrate

Answer 2

Energy
Bread pasta rice

Question 3

Fats and oils

Answer 3

Insulation and energy store
Butter oil nuts

Question 4

Proteins

Answer 4

Growth and repair
meat fish eggs

Question 5

Vitamins C

Answer 5

Collagens protein
Makes up skin, hair, gum, bone
citrus fruit, strawberry, green vegetable

Question 6

Vitamin D

Answer 6

Helps body absorb calcium
for strong bones and teeth
liver diary products oily fish

Question 7

Calcium

Answer 7

Strong teeth and bone
milk cheese egg

Question 8

Iron

Answer 8

Makes haemoglobin
liver red meat leafy greens

Question 9

Fibre

Answer 9

Provides bulk for intestine to push through it
Vegetables, whole grains

Question 10

Water

Answer 10

for chemical reactions to take place in cells
water juice milk

Question 11

Causes of scurvy and rickets

Answer 11

Vitamin C deficent cause scurvy
Vitamin D deficent cause rickets

Question 12

What are the 2 parts to the small intestine? describe what they do

Answer 12

1) Duodenum - Chemical digestion is completed
2) Ileum - Absorption of food molecules into blood due to the presence of villi

Question 13

How is th ileum adapted and describt the effects [3]

Answer 13

1) it is very long
2) has a highly folded surface with millions of villi (tiny, finger like projections)
3) These adaptations increase the surface area of the ileum, allowing absorption to take place faster and more efficiently

Question 14

How is the villi adapted? Describe the functions [4]

Answer 14

1) Epithelium is one cell thick, short distance for absorption by diffusion and active transport
2) Microvilli increase surface area
3) network of blood capillaries to maintain good blood supply for steep concentration gradient
4) Lacteal runs through the centre of the villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol into the lymph

Question 15

Describe and the Function of teeth [2]

Answer 15

Physical digestion of food into smaller bits, teeth are embedded into gum and bone

Question 16

Why is teeth useful [2]

Answer 16

1) Chew food into small bits increase surface area for enzyme to work on
2) Increase rate of digestion

Question 17

Types of teeth

Answer 17

1) Incisor - front of the mouth
2) Canine - The pointed part in ur teeth 虎牙
3) Premolar
4) Molar

Question 18

Function & Adaptation of incisor

Answer 18

1) Chisel shaped
2) Biting and cutting food

Question 19

Function & Adaptation of canine

Answer 19

1) Pointed
2) Tearing, holding, biting

Question 20

Function & Adaptation of premolar & molar

Answer 20

1) Large flat surfaces and ridges
2) Chewing and grinding

Question 21

4 factors that change ur dietary needs

Answer 21

1) Age - energy need increases into adulthood then decreases as they age
2) Pregancy - Energy need increase to support foetus, calcium and iron needed to build bones, teeth, and blood
3) Breastfeeding - energy need increase and calcium needed to make high quality breast milk
4) Activity levels - More active = more energy need, muslces are contracting and resipiring faster

Question 22

Scurvy cause & symptoms

Answer 22

1) severe vitamin C deficiency
2) Anemia
Exhaustion
Spontaneous bleeding
Pain in the limbs
Swelling
Gum ulcerations
Tooth loss

Question 23

Rickets cause & symptoms

Answer 23

1) poor bone development caused by a severe lack of vitamin D
2) Symtpoms include:
Bone pain
Lack of bone growth
Soft, weak bones (sometimes causing deformities)

Question 24

What are the two types of organs the digestive system have

Answer 24

1) Alimentary canal
2) Acessory organ

Question 25

What are the alimentary canal

Answer 25

1) Mouth
2) Oesophagus
3) Stomach
4) Small intenstine
5) Large intestine

Question 26

Function of the oesophagus

Answer 26

Pushes bolus towards the stomach by peristalsis

Question 27

Function of the stomach [2]

Answer 27

1) Break down food by churning and digest protein using proteases
2) Hydrochloric acid in the stomach will kill bacteria and create an acidic pH

Question 28

Large intenstine function

Answer 28

Absorbs water in the colon, feces is formed

Question 29

Function of the anus

Answer 29

Feces is stored in the rectum before leaving the body in the anus

Question 30

What are the acessory organs [4]

Answer 30

1) Salivary gland
2) Pancreas
3) Gull bladder
4) Liver

Question 31

Function of the salivary gland

Answer 31

1) Secrete amylase for the starch digestion

Question 32

Function of the pancreas [2]

Answer 32

1) Produce various digestive enzymes in alkaline solution
2) Produces insulin

Question 33

Function of the liver

Answer 33

Produce bile for the emulsation of lipids which increase the surface area for chemical digestion and increasing pH to neutralise food coming out the stomach

Question 34

Function of the gall bladder

Answer 34

Storage of the bile

Question 35

5 stages of the digestion

Answer 35

1) Ingestion
2) physical digestion
3) Chemical digestion
4) Absorption
5) Assimilation
6) Egestion

Question 36

Define Ingestion

Answer 36

the taking of substances into the body

Question 37

Define physical digestion

Answer 37

The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

Question 38

Define Chemical digestion

Answer 38

The break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
that can be absorbed

Question 39

define egestion

Answer 39

movement of undigested food from the body as faeces

Question 40

Define Absorption

Answer 40

the movement of nutrients from intestine into blood

Question 41

define Assimilation

Answer 41

Uptake and use of nutrients by cells

Question 42

Describe the function of amylase and where it is secreted, and where it acts

Answer 42

1) Breaks down starch to simple reducing sugars
2) Salivary gland and pancreas
3) Mouth and duodenum

Question 43

Describe the functions of protease, where it is secreted, and where it acts

Answer 43

1) Break down protein to amino acids
2) Pancreas
3) Duodenum

Question 44

Describe the functions of lipase and where it is secreted, and where it acts

Answer 44

1) Breaks down fats and oils to fatty acids and glycerol
2) Pancreas
3) Duodenum

Question 45

Describe the functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice

Answer 45

Killing harmful microorgansims in food and providing an acidic pH for optimum enzyme activity

Question 46

Describe digestion of starch in the digestive system [2]

Answer 46

1) Amylase breaks down starch (Starch is formed by many glucose) to maltose (Maltose forms when 2 glucose molecules bind together)
2) Maltase breaks down maltose to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining in the small intestine

Question 47

Describe digestion of protein by proteases in the digestive system [2]

Answer 47

1) Pepsin breaks down protein in the acidic conditions of stomach
2) Trypsin breaks down protein in the alkaline conditions of the small intenstine

Question 48

Describe role of the bile [4]

Answer 48

1) Bile neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach
2) To provide a suitable pH for enzyme activity
3) breaks down large drops of fat into smaller ones through emulsification. 40 The larger surface area allows lipase to chemically break down the lipid into glycerol and fatty acids faster

Question 49

Where is water absorbed? [2]

Answer 49

1) Most are absorbed in the small intestine
2) Some are absorbed in the colon

Question 50

Roles of calliparies and lacteals in villi

Answer 50

1) Well supplied with a network of blood capillaries that transport glucose and amino acids away from the small intestine in the blood
2) Lacteal runs through the centre of the villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol away from the small intestine in the lymph

Question 51

What is the component of blood that transport nutrients

Answer 51

Plasma

Question 52

Examples of proteins in blood

Answer 52

1) Haemoglobin
2) Antibodies

Question 53

give 3 examples of physical digestion in the body [3]

Answer 53

1) Teeth chewing
2) Stomach churning
3) Emulsfication of fat by bile

Question 54

Importance of chemical digestion

Answer 54

1) production of, smaller molecules
2) Large molecules cannot be absorbed
3) Small molecules moves through wall of intestine into blood/cell

Question 55

Storage carbonhydrate made from glucose in liver cells

Answer 55

Glycogen

Question 56

https://www.purposegames.com/game/villi-labelling

Question 57

Where are mucus secreting cells found? [3]

Answer 57

1) trachea, bronchi
2) small intestines, the large intestine
3) upper eyelid

Question 58

What is the main blood vessel that takes blood from small intestine to the liver?

Answer 58

Hepatic portal vein