Human Movement

Question 1

What are the 5 major theoretical approaches of human movement study?

Answer 1

1. Anatomical - structures of the body and its parts and their potential for movement
2. Physiological - the processes involved in the initiation, continuation and control of movement
3. Psychological - the sensations, perceptions and motivations that stimulate movement and the neurological responses
4. • Mechanical - considers the force, time and distance in the human body
5. • Socio-cultural - meaning given to the various movements in different human settings

Question 2

What plane and axis do flexion and extension occur?

Answer 2

Saggital plane - divided body into left and right halves
Frontal axis - line runs from left to right
eg - walking/squatting

Question 3

What plane and axis do abduction and adduction occur?

Answer 3

Frontal plane - splits body into front and back halves
Saggital axis - line runs from back to front
eg - lateral arm raise / side bending

Question 4

What plane and axis does rotation occur?

Answer 4

Transverse plane - divides body into top and bottom halves
Longitudinal/vertical axis - line runs from top to bottom
eg - throwing / baseball swing / golf swing

Question 5

What does joint stability depend on? (5)

Answer 5

1 - shape of the articular surface & their congruency
2 - ligaments
3 - muscle tension in surrounding musculature
4 - Fascial structures
5 - Atmospheric pressure

Question 6

What is closed pack position?

Answer 6

The final limiting position of the joint. All synovial joints have closed pack position

Question 7

Give examples of a Planar joint

Answer 7

Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints

Question 8

Give examples of hinge joints

Answer 8

Elbow , Knee , Ankle joints

Question 9

Give examples of Pivot joints

Answer 9

Atlas-axis joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 10

Give examples of condyloid joints

Answer 10

Radio-carpal
Metacarpophalangeal (2-5)
Metatarsophalangeal

Question 11

Give an example of a saddle joint

Answer 11

First carpometacarpal joint

Question 12

Give examples of ball-and-socket joints

Answer 12

Shoulder and hip joints

Question 13

Name and describe the two types of muscle fibers

Answer 13

Type 1 - slow twitch/tonic/slow oxidative/ red fibers
These are involved in maintained activity, are found in smaller motor units and have high capacity for aerobic metabolism and are fatigue resistant

Type 2 - fast twitch/phasic/fast-glycolytic/white fibers
These are involved ins sharp bursts of activity, and are found in large motor units and rely on anaerobic metabolism

There is also type ll motor unit with fibers showing intermediate characteristics called Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers

Question 14

Name and describe the 2 muscle contraction divisions

Answer 14

1 - Dynamic: muscle actively alters its length. It involves shortening (concentric) and lengthening (eccentric) contraction. It can be isotonic and isokinetic. Length changes through ROM

2- Isometric: no mechanical work is done. There is a redistribution of lengths within muscle

Question 15

What are the components that form a joint?

Answer 15

Articular surfaces: opposite ends of each bone that forms a joint.

Cartilage: smooth, wear resistance surface and friction free movement

Joint capsule: structure that encloses a joint

Synovial membrane with synovial fluid: to lubricate the joint

Tendons/fibrous: expansion of the muscle that attaches on a bone

Ligaments: elastic structures that connect bone to bone

Stabilizing muscles: structures that move the joint

Question 16

What are normal facilitations of movement?

Answer 16

Bone shape
Hyaline cartilage
Capsule supporting synovial membrane
Additional structures(e.g. muscles)
Elastic ligaments

Question 17

What are normal restrictions of movement?

Answer 17

Articular surface contact
Limit of ligament extensibility
Limit of tendon and muscle extensibility
Apposition of soft tissue

Question 18

What are abnormal restrictions of movement?

Answer 18

Destruction of bone and cartilage
Bone fracture
Foreign body in a joint
Tear or displacement of intracapsular structures
Adhesion/scar tissue
Muscle tear, rupture or denervation
Pain
Physiological factors

Question 19

What is the difference between active and passive movements?

or

What are the types of Joint Movement?

Answer 19

Passive movement:
Movements that are brought about by an external force which in absence muscle power in the part may be mechanical or via the therapist.

Active movement:
- Movements performed by patient either freely, assisted or resisted.

Question 20

Describe a first-order lever and give an example

Answer 20

Levers in which the fulcrum is situated between the effort and the load.
Levers may have mechanical advantage greater or less than one.

If it is less than one the effort arm is shorter than resistance arm and is said to gain speed

eg - two people on a seesaw or the neck when nodding

Question 21

Describe a second-order lever and give an example

Answer 21

Second order lever: are levers where the resistance always lies between the fulcrum and the effort.

As mechanical advantage of these levers is always greater than one these are force levers, that is the effort applied will always be less than the resistance to be overcome.
eg - leg

Question 22

Describe a third-order lever and give an example

Answer 22

Third order levers: are levers in which the effort is always placed between the resistance and the fulcrum.

As the mechanical advantage is always less than one they are used for achieving speed at the expense of force.
eg- biceps brac

(***NOTE- there was a question in a past paper that asked all 3 levers in one question for 6 marks)

Question 23

Name and discuss the 3 equilibrium states regarding stability

Answer 23

Stable equilibrium
If after the force is applied to a body at rest, the body tends to return to its original starting position, the body is in the condition of stable equilibrium.

Unstable equilibrium
When displaced a short distance by a force, a body is said to be in a condition of unstable equilibrium if it then tends to increase its displacement further under the influence of gravity alone.

Neutral equilibrium
When a body is displaced and it remain at rest in its new position and, if displaced along a level surface, there has been no change in the vertical position of its centre of gravity = neutral equilibrium
There is no true body neutral equilibrium

Question 24

What does stability of a rigid body depend on?

Answer 24

Area of the base of support
Weight of its centre of gravity above the base
Position of the line of gravity relative to the base of support.
The weight of the body

Question 25

How is stability achieved to improve the state of balance on the human body?

Answer 25

• Centre of gravity of total weight supported over the base is lowered
• The total weight of the body and any weight being carried is increased
• The Centre of gravity is directly above the Centre of the base of support.
• The area of the base of support is enlarged.

Question 26

Name and describe the 3 types of motion

Answer 26

1. Translatory motion: is said to occur when the orientation of a moving body remains constant.
   - May be linear (more correctly rectilinear) in which the body moves along straight line. E.g. pushed in a wheelchair along level floor.
   or carvilinear. E.g. motion of trunk when jumping from step or wall.
2. Rotary or angular motion
   Occur when all points on a rigid body describe independent circular paths about a common fixed axis.
   All part of the body moves through same angle.
3. General plane motion
   Most common motion observed
   Can often describe motion in terms of the translatory and rotatory components of motion.
   E.g. walking, the body undergoes translatory motion, as a result of the rotatory motion around joints.
   All part of the body moves through same angle.

Question 27

What is the difference between Linear and Angular kinematics?

Answer 27

Linear kinematics
Displacement is the study of how far a body is moved from a starting point in a given direction. This a vector quantity
Distance is a measure of how far an object has actually travelled in getting from point to another. This is a scalar quantity

Angular kinematics
Kinematics of rotary motion is important for physiotherapists because body segments involves rotation around axis.
Units used to measure angular distance or displacement is the degree

Question 28

Resistance to joint displacement depends on which factors?

Answer 28

The shape of the articular surface
The restraining effects of the ligaments & muscles crossing the joint as well as overlying skin & other soft tissue.
The bulk of tissue in the adjacent segments

Question 29

Name the 4 classifications of synovial joints and give examples of each

Answer 29

Uniaxial (hinge joint; pivot joints)

Biaxial (condyloid joint; ellipsoid joint)

Multiaxial (ball & socket joint, saddle joint)

Non axial (gliding joint)

Question 30

What causes joint motion?

Answer 30

Internal forces – muscle contraction

External forces – gravity &/or manual & mechanical forces

Question 31

List 3 types of muscle contractions

Answer 31

Concentric, eccentric and isometric