Human Movement Flashcards
What are the 5 major theoretical approaches of human movement study?
- Anatomical - structures of the body and its parts and their potential for movement
- Physiological - the processes involved in the initiation, continuation and control of movement
- Psychological - the sensations, perceptions and motivations that stimulate movement and the neurological responses
- Mechanical - considers the force, time and distance in the human body
- Socio-cultural - meaning given to the various movements in different human settings
What plane and axis do flexion and extension occur?
Saggital plane - divided body into left and right halves
Frontal axis - line runs from left to right
eg - walking/squatting
What plane and axis do abduction and adduction occur?
Frontal plane - splits body into front and back halves
Saggital axis - line runs from back to front
eg - lateral arm raise / side bending
What plane and axis does rotation occur?
Transverse plane - divides body into top and bottom halves
Longitudinal/vertical axis - line runs from top to bottom
eg - throwing / baseball swing / golf swing
What does joint stability depend on? (5)
1 - shape of the articular surface & their congruency
2 - ligaments
3 - muscle tension in surrounding musculature
4 - Fascial structures
5 - Atmospheric pressure
What is closed pack position?
The final limiting position of the joint. All synovial joints have closed pack position
Give examples of a Planar joint
Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints
Give examples of hinge joints
Elbow , Knee , Ankle joints
Give examples of Pivot joints
Atlas-axis joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint
Give examples of condyloid joints
Radio-carpal
Metacarpophalangeal (2-5)
Metatarsophalangeal
Give an example of a saddle joint
First carpometacarpal joint
Give examples of ball-and-socket joints
Shoulder and hip joints
Name and describe the two types of muscle fibers
Type 1 - slow twitch/tonic/slow oxidative/ red fibers
These are involved in maintained activity, are found in smaller motor units and have high capacity for aerobic metabolism and are fatigue resistant
Type 2 - fast twitch/phasic/fast-glycolytic/white fibers
These are involved ins sharp bursts of activity, and are found in large motor units and rely on anaerobic metabolism
There is also type ll motor unit with fibers showing intermediate characteristics called Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Name and describe the 2 muscle contraction divisions
1 - Dynamic: muscle actively alters its length. It involves shortening (concentric) and lengthening (eccentric) contraction. It can be isotonic and isokinetic. Length changes through ROM
2- Isometric: no mechanical work is done. There is a redistribution of lengths within muscle
What are the components that form a joint?
Articular surfaces: opposite ends of each bone that forms a joint.
Cartilage: smooth, wear resistance surface and friction free movement
Joint capsule: structure that encloses a joint
Synovial membrane with synovial fluid: to lubricate the joint
Tendons/fibrous: expansion of the muscle that attaches on a bone
Ligaments: elastic structures that connect bone to bone
Stabilizing muscles: structures that move the joint
What are normal facilitations of movement?
Bone shape Hyaline cartilage Capsule supporting synovial membrane Additional structures(e.g. muscles) Elastic ligaments
What are normal restrictions of movement?
Articular surface contact
Limit of ligament extensibility
Limit of tendon and muscle extensibility
Apposition of soft tissue
What are abnormal restrictions of movement?
Destruction of bone and cartilage Bone fracture Foreign body in a joint Tear or displacement of intracapsular structures Adhesion/scar tissue Muscle tear, rupture or denervation Pain Physiological factors
What is the difference between active and passive movements?
or
What are the types of Joint Movement?
Passive movement:
Movements that are brought about by an external force which in absence muscle power in the part may be mechanical or via the therapist.
Active movement:
- Movements performed by patient either freely, assisted or resisted.
Describe a first-order lever and give an example
Levers in which the fulcrum is situated between the effort and the load.
Levers may have mechanical advantage greater or less than one.
If it is less than one the effort arm is shorter than resistance arm and is said to gain speed
eg - two people on a seesaw or the neck when nodding
Describe a second-order lever and give an example
Second order lever: are levers where the resistance always lies between the fulcrum and the effort.
As mechanical advantage of these levers is always greater than one these are force levers, that is the effort applied will always be less than the resistance to be overcome.
eg - leg
Describe a third-order lever and give an example
Third order levers: are levers in which the effort is always placed between the resistance and the fulcrum.
As the mechanical advantage is always less than one they are used for achieving speed at the expense of force.
eg- biceps brac
(***NOTE- there was a question in a past paper that asked all 3 levers in one question for 6 marks)
Name and discuss the 3 equilibrium states regarding stability
Stable equilibrium
If after the force is applied to a body at rest, the body tends to return to its original starting position, the body is in the condition of stable equilibrium.
Unstable equilibrium
When displaced a short distance by a force, a body is said to be in a condition of unstable equilibrium if it then tends to increase its displacement further under the influence of gravity alone.
Neutral equilibrium
When a body is displaced and it remain at rest in its new position and, if displaced along a level surface, there has been no change in the vertical position of its centre of gravity = neutral equilibrium
There is no true body neutral equilibrium
What does stability of a rigid body depend on?
Area of the base of support
Weight of its centre of gravity above the base
Position of the line of gravity relative to the base of support.
The weight of the body
How is stability achieved to improve the state of balance on the human body?
- Centre of gravity of total weight supported over the base is lowered
- The total weight of the body and any weight being carried is increased
- The Centre of gravity is directly above the Centre of the base of support.
- The area of the base of support is enlarged.
Name and describe the 3 types of motion
- Translatory motion: is said to occur when the orientation of a moving body remains constant.
- May be linear (more correctly rectilinear) in which the body moves along straight line. E.g. pushed in a wheelchair along level floor.
or carvilinear. E.g. motion of trunk when jumping from step or wall. - Rotary or angular motion
Occur when all points on a rigid body describe independent circular paths about a common fixed axis.
All part of the body moves through same angle. - General plane motion
Most common motion observed
Can often describe motion in terms of the translatory and rotatory components of motion.
E.g. walking, the body undergoes translatory motion, as a result of the rotatory motion around joints.
All part of the body moves through same angle.
What is the difference between Linear and Angular kinematics?
Linear kinematics
Displacement is the study of how far a body is moved from a starting point in a given direction. This a vector quantity
Distance is a measure of how far an object has actually travelled in getting from point to another. This is a scalar quantity
Angular kinematics
Kinematics of rotary motion is important for physiotherapists because body segments involves rotation around axis.
Units used to measure angular distance or displacement is the degree
Resistance to joint displacement depends on which factors?
The shape of the articular surface
The restraining effects of the ligaments & muscles crossing the joint as well as overlying skin & other soft tissue.
The bulk of tissue in the adjacent segments
Name the 4 classifications of synovial joints and give examples of each
Uniaxial (hinge joint; pivot joints)
Biaxial (condyloid joint; ellipsoid joint)
Multiaxial (ball & socket joint, saddle joint)
Non axial (gliding joint)
What causes joint motion?
Internal forces – muscle contraction
External forces – gravity &/or manual & mechanical forces
List 3 types of muscle contractions
Concentric, eccentric and isometric
