HUMAN MICROBIOME

Question 1

microbiome

Answer 1

totality of microbes, their genomes and environmental interaction in a defined environment

Question 2

microbiota

Answer 2

microbes that typically inhabit a specific environment

Question 3

superoragnisms

Answer 3

human+microbiota - coevolution

Question 4

how many human to bacterial cells

Answer 4

10x more bacterial cells than human cells

10^13 humans and 10^14 bacterial

Question 5

antibiotics strip the gut microbiota

Answer 5

2 yrs to replace

Question 6

Gut microbes immune regulationn

Answer 6

remove toxins, crown out pathogens and detox metabolites

Question 7

Gut microbes birth

Answer 7

colonisation begins

Question 8

Gut microbes antibiotics

Answer 8

remove the good and the bad

Question 9

exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy

Answer 9

increases the risk of developing an allergic disease

Question 10

internal tissues - exception

Answer 10

gnotobiotic,

herpes zoster virus lives in the CNS

Question 11

affects which microbes colonise where

Answer 11

pH, temperature and moisture

Question 12

skin microbiota

Answer 12

staphylococci and diphtheroids

Question 13

hygiene hypothesis

Answer 13

less exposure to infectious agents at a young age increases the chance of developing an allergic disease

spikes at varying times over last 120 year - showing different contributing factors

Question 14

David Strachan

Answer 14

proposed that lower incidence of infection at a young age causes a rise in atopic diseases such as eczthma and asthma

Question 15

delphi techniquie

Answer 15

relies on people having knowledge and also good judgement - qualitative technique

Question 16

1980s

Answer 16

dramatic increase in food poisoning due to salmonella nd campyobacter

Question 17

infectious intestinal disease cases in UK annually

Answer 17

17 million

Question 18

norovirus

Answer 18

spread person - person, most significant cause of intestinal infection in the developed world

Question 19

respiratory hygiene

Answer 19

wash hands to stop cold a flu spreading

Question 20

% people developing a HCAI in developed countries

Answer 20

7%

MRSA, C.diff, pseudomonas and e.coli

Question 21

most susceptible to HCAI

Answer 21

elderly, invasive devices and immunocomprmised

Question 22

norovirus and E.coli 0157 :H7

Answer 22

low infectious doses

Question 23

Old friends hypothesis

Answer 23

vital exposure to commensal microbes which aren’t harmful which are acquired from skin, gut and rest system of other humans

Question 24

hunter gather groups

Answer 24

helicobacter pylori and Hepatitis A virus - activated immunoregulatory systems

Question 25

epidemiological studies in finland, denmark and uk

Answer 25

show that childhood infections don’t protect us against allergic disorders

Question 26

studies show that OFs are

Answer 26

vital to help balance our immune system so that it doesn’t over react

Question 27

polyphenols and fish oils

Answer 27

help to regulate our gut microbiota

Question 28

hygiene is irrelevant to

Answer 28

micro biome distribution

Question 29

micro biome distribution is altered through

Answer 29

diet and antibiotics ….

Question 30

smart medicine

Answer 30

smart antibiotics, microbial transplant and personalised biomarkers