human impact on environment and p and ecosystems

Question 1

give 3 reasons for classification

Answer 1

allows extinct organisms to be grouped with existing orgs to explain evolutionary relationships
-makes communication easier.
-allows scientists to compare rates of extinction in large groups of organisms e.g families.

Question 2

what are the 3 domains defined on?

Answer 2

defined on the similarities and differences in the rRNA base sequences or DNA

Question 3

name the three domains

Answer 3

Eubacteria
archea
Eukaryota.

Question 4

which of the domains describes those with unusual metabolism living in unusual environments.

Answer 4

archaea

Question 5

give the 8 points in the 3 domain system of classification

Answer 5

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

Question 6

name the 5 kingdoms

Answer 6

-animalia
-plantae
-potoctista
-fungi
-prokaryotae.

Question 7

define taxonomy

Answer 7

identification and naming of organisms

Question 8

give 5 features of animalia

Answer 8

-eukaryotic
-no cell wall
-nervous coordination
-heterotrophic
-multicellular

Question 9

give 4 features of plantae

Answer 9

-eukaryotic
-multicellular
-cellulose cell wall
-autotrophic

Question 10

give 4 features of fungi

Answer 10

-eukaryotic
-some uni/multicellular
-heterotrophic( saprotrophic and parastitic)
-chitin cell wall.

Question 11

give 4 features of protoctista

Answer 11

-eukaryotic
-single celled, colonial or multicellular
-no tissue differentiation
-can be heterotrophic or autotrophic.

Question 12

give 5 features of prokaryotae

Answer 12

-only bacteria
-unicellular
-no nucleus/membrane bound organelles.
- cell wall made of murein
-heterotrophic, saprophytic or parastitic

Question 13

what is species richness vs species evenness

Answer 13

richness= no of species
evenness= no of individuals of each species.

Question 14

the more similar two organisms are the more recently they are said to have…….

Answer 14

diverged

Question 15

what does a photogenic tree demonstrate

Answer 15

how closely related species are and how recently they have diverged from a common ancestor

Question 16

describe divergent evolution (d for developmental orgin)

Answer 16

homologous structures that have a common developmental origin but have different functions e.g human arm and bat wing.

Question 17

describe convergent evolution

Answer 17

development of analogous similar structures with different developmental orgins not evidence for a common ancestor e.g wings in birds and insects

Question 18

describe polymorphic loci

Answer 18

gene pools have more than one allele for a given gene-polymorphic genes so the locus (location) on a chromosome is also polymorphic. the more polymorphic loci within a genome of species, the more biodiversity.

Question 19

describe 4 ways to analyse biodiversity at a molecular level

Answer 19

-DNA profiling- using fingerprinting with electrophoresis gel.
-protein analysis- comparison of sequence of amino acids in proteins done by chromatography-reduced errors by convergent evolution.-DNA hybridisation- DNA traken from different species is cut and mixed, complementary fragments hybridise- more bonds formed=closer related.
-

Question 20

name the three adaptation types

Answer 20

-anatomical
-physiological
-behavioural

Question 21

state the equation for capture mark recapture

Answer 21

n1xn2/n3 n1-capture n2-2nd capture n3-no of recaptures marked

Question 22

deascirbe difference between belt and line transect

Answer 22

belt- uses quadrat to estimate %freq.
line-measuring at intervals not using quadrat

Question 23

give the simpsons index

Answer 23

1-(⨊n(n-1)/N(N-1))

Question 24

give the definition for selection pressure

Answer 24

an environmental factor that can alter the frequency of alleles in a population

Question 25

is a species with controlled population by competition in a stable habitat equilibrium or fugitive species with sigmoidal growth curve.

Answer 25

equilibium.

Question 26

what happens in the lag phase of sigmoidal growth

Answer 26

period of preparation and adaptation and time for sexual maturity.

Question 27

what happens in exponential growth phase

Answer 27

more growth- more available for reproduction- growth may slow due to environmental resistance

Question 28

describe ammonification nitrogen cycle

Answer 28

proteins broken down into amino acids by ammonifying bacteria.

Question 29

describe nitrification

Answer 29

ammonium ions oxidised to nitrites (N02-) by nitrosomonas, nitrites oxides to nitrates by nitrobacter (N03-) N2 atoms fro nitrates joins with an organic molecule to make protein used for plant growth.

Question 30

describe nitrogen fixation

Answer 30

enzyme in bacteria combined N2 to H to form ammonia can form bacteria protein. aztobacter is free living in soil. -rhizobium- legumes in root nodules.

Question 31

how rhizobium attracts plants

Answer 31

-chemical secreted by roots attracts, chemicals secreted by rhizobium attarcts roots-chemotaxis. bacteria multiply in cortex cells, they use an enzyme to fix nitrogen-is inhibityed by high 02 levels so legume has legheamoglobin creating anaerobic conditions.

Question 32

describe the function of denitrififying bacteria/pseudomonas

Answer 32

convert nitrates of nitrogen gas -live in anaerobic conditions.

Question 33

give 3 ways of improving the nitrogen circulation

Answer 33

-ploughing/drainage of fields more nitrogen fixation -harber process-nitrogen to fertiliser -animal waste and manure -planting legumes.

Question 34

what is the gross primary production

Answer 34

total amount fixed for photosynthesis

Question 35

what is net primary production

Answer 35

how much energy is available for primary consumers.

Question 36

give the equation for working out net primary productivity

Answer 36

NPP=GPP-R r=respiratory loss

Question 37

give some examples of agricultural exploitation

Answer 37

-remova; of hedgrows -monoculture -mineral depletion in soils -fertilisers and eutrophication. -overgrzing.

Question 38

give 3 forest managemnet tyechniques that provide timber in a sustainable way

Answer 38

-coppicing -selective cutting -lomgh rotation time -preserving natural woodland.

Question 39

-give one of the biggest causes of overfishing

Answer 39

small net mesh sizes- young are caught befre sexual maturity.

Question 40

give some methods of regulation

Answer 40

-mesh size restriction -fishing quotas -reducing fleet size. -controlling days sp[ent at size. -protected zones and consumer choice.

Question 41

give two advantages to fish farming

Answer 41

-densely stocked-disease -antibiotics used -pesticides used -pollution could cause eutrophication e.g faeces. -escaped fish outcompete. -can degrade the ernvironment.

Question 42

give a way of measure environmental impact of a project/process

Answer 42

environmental impact assesments.