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Biology year 1 and 2 wjec > human impact on environment and p and ecosystems > Flashcards

human impact on environment and p and ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

give 3 reasons for classification

A

allows extinct organisms to be grouped with existing orgs to explain evolutionary relationships
-makes communication easier.
-allows scientists to compare rates of extinction in large groups of organisms e.g families.

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2
Q

what are the 3 domains defined on?

A

defined on the similarities and differences in the rRNA base sequences or DNA

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3
Q

name the three domains

A

Eubacteria
archea
Eukaryota.

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4
Q

which of the domains describes those with unusual metabolism living in unusual environments.

A

archaea

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5
Q

give the 8 points in the 3 domain system of classification

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

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6
Q

name the 5 kingdoms

A

-animalia
-plantae
-potoctista
-fungi
-prokaryotae.

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7
Q

define taxonomy

A

identification and naming of organisms

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8
Q

give 5 features of animalia

A

-eukaryotic
-no cell wall
-nervous coordination
-heterotrophic
-multicellular

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9
Q

give 4 features of plantae

A

-eukaryotic
-multicellular
-cellulose cell wall
-autotrophic

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10
Q

give 4 features of fungi

A

-eukaryotic
-some uni/multicellular
-heterotrophic( saprotrophic and parastitic)
-chitin cell wall.

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11
Q

give 4 features of protoctista

A

-eukaryotic
-single celled, colonial or multicellular
-no tissue differentiation
-can be heterotrophic or autotrophic.

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12
Q

give 5 features of prokaryotae

A

-only bacteria
-unicellular
-no nucleus/membrane bound organelles.
- cell wall made of murein
-heterotrophic, saprophytic or parastitic

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13
Q

what is species richness vs species evenness

A

richness= no of species
evenness= no of individuals of each species.

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14
Q

the more similar two organisms are the more recently they are said to have…….

A

diverged

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15
Q

what does a photogenic tree demonstrate

A

how closely related species are and how recently they have diverged from a common ancestor

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16
Q

describe divergent evolution (d for developmental orgin)

A

homologous structures that have a common developmental origin but have different functions e.g human arm and bat wing.

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17
Q

describe convergent evolution

A

development of analogous similar structures with different developmental orgins not evidence for a common ancestor e.g wings in birds and insects

18
Q

describe polymorphic loci

A

gene pools have more than one allele for a given gene-polymorphic genes so the locus (location) on a chromosome is also polymorphic. the more polymorphic loci within a genome of species, the more biodiversity.

19
Q

describe 4 ways to analyse biodiversity at a molecular level

A

-DNA profiling- using fingerprinting with electrophoresis gel.
-protein analysis- comparison of sequence of amino acids in proteins done by chromatography-reduced errors by convergent evolution.-DNA hybridisation- DNA traken from different species is cut and mixed, complementary fragments hybridise- more bonds formed=closer related.
-

20
Q

name the three adaptation types

A

-anatomical
-physiological
-behavioural

21
Q

state the equation for capture mark recapture

A

n1xn2/n3 n1-capture n2-2nd capture n3-no of recaptures marked

22
Q

deascirbe difference between belt and line transect

A

belt- uses quadrat to estimate %freq.
line-measuring at intervals not using quadrat

23
Q

give the simpsons index

A

1-(⨊n(n-1)/N(N-1))

24
Q

give the definition for selection pressure

A

an environmental factor that can alter the frequency of alleles in a population

25
Q

is a species with controlled population by competition in a stable habitat equilibrium or fugitive species with sigmoidal growth curve.

A

equilibium.

26
Q

what happens in the lag phase of sigmoidal growth

A

period of preparation and adaptation and time for sexual maturity.

27
Q

what happens in exponential growth phase

A

more growth- more available for reproduction- growth may slow due to environmental resistance

28
Q

describe ammonification nitrogen cycle

A

proteins broken down into amino acids by ammonifying bacteria.

29
Q

describe nitrification

A

ammonium ions oxidised to nitrites (N02-) by nitrosomonas, nitrites oxides to nitrates by nitrobacter (N03-) N2 atoms fro nitrates joins with an organic molecule to make protein used for plant growth.

30
Q

describe nitrogen fixation

A

enzyme in bacteria combined N2 to H to form ammonia can form bacteria protein.
aztobacter is free living in soil.
-rhizobium- legumes in root nodules.

31
Q

how rhizobium attracts plants

A

-chemical secreted by roots attracts, chemicals secreted by rhizobium attarcts roots-chemotaxis. bacteria multiply in cortex cells, they use an enzyme to fix nitrogen-is inhibityed by high 02 levels so legume has legheamoglobin creating anaerobic conditions.

32
Q

describe the function of denitrififying bacteria/pseudomonas

A

convert nitrates of nitrogen gas
-live in anaerobic conditions.

33
Q

give 3 ways of improving the nitrogen circulation

A

-ploughing/drainage of fields more nitrogen fixation
-harber process-nitrogen to fertiliser
-animal waste and manure
-planting legumes.

34
Q

what is the gross primary production

A

total amount fixed for photosynthesis

35
Q

what is net primary production

A

how much energy is available for primary consumers.

36
Q

give the equation for working out net primary productivity

A

NPP=GPP-R r=respiratory loss

37
Q

give some examples of agricultural exploitation

A

-remova; of hedgrows
-monoculture
-mineral depletion in soils
-fertilisers and eutrophication.
-overgrzing.

38
Q

give 3 forest managemnet tyechniques that provide timber in a sustainable way

A

-coppicing
-selective cutting
-lomgh rotation time
-preserving natural woodland.

39
Q

-give one of the biggest causes of overfishing

A

small net mesh sizes- young are caught befre sexual maturity.

40
Q

give some methods of regulation

A

-mesh size restriction
-fishing quotas
-reducing fleet size.
-controlling days sp[ent at size.
-protected zones and consumer choice.

41
Q

give two advantages to fish farming

A

-densely stocked-disease
-antibiotics used
-pesticides used
-pollution could cause eutrophication e.g faeces.
-escaped fish outcompete.
-can degrade the ernvironment.

42
Q

give a way of measure environmental impact of a project/process

A

environmental impact assesments.

Biology year 1 and 2 wjec (27 decks)

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