Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology year 1 and 2 wjec > adaptation for nutrition > Flashcards

adaptation for nutrition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how is food digested in the buccal cavity/mouth

A

mechanical nutrition-food chewed, increase sa for enzymes. Saliva is mixed in -chemical digestion. saliva contains amylase HCO3- and CO32- ions give a slightly alkaline PH-optimum for amylase. mucus lubricates food passing down oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the role of the stomach in digestion

A

mechanical digestion by contractions of stomach wall-secretes gastric juice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does gastric juice contain

A

hydrochloric acid- PH2 optimum for enzymes and kills bacteria.
-pepsinogen-inactive form of pepsin-an endopeptidase activates by H+ ions hydrolysing proteins to polypeptides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the role of mucus in the stomach

A

forms a lining which protects the stomach wall from enzymes and lubricates food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are specialised cells in gastric gland

A

goblet cells-produce mucus.
-oxyntic cells-produce hydrochloric acid.
-chief/peptic cells-produce pesinogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what organ produces bile

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does bile enter he duodenum,

A

bile is secreted from gall bladder into duodenum via the bile duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of bile salts

A

emulsify lipids by lowering their surface tension and break up globules into smaller ones to increase sa for lipase digestion .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bile is alkaline what is the function of this

A

neutralises acid in food from stomach producing a suitable PH for enzyme action .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in the pancreas what secretes pancreatic juice

A

islet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate ions-raises pH to neutralise stomach acid.
-amylase-starch to maltose.
-lipase
-trypsinogen-is an endopeptidase activated by enterokinase and hydrolyses proteins to polypeptides.
-enterokinase-trypsinogen-trypsin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are endopeptidaases-

A

hydrolyses proteins to peptides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are exopeptidases

A

hydrolyses peptide bonds at the end of protein to amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in the small intestine how is food lubricated.

A

mucus from goblet cells. it is neutralised by alkaline secretions from brunner glands at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the lining of small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

epithelial cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn secrete enzymes, what are these

A

dipeptidases-dipeptides to amino acids.
-maltase
-sucrose
-lactase
-exopeptidases-peptides to amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are amino acids absorbed

A

absorbed by epithelial cells by active transport.
-then go into capillaries by facilitated diffusion.
-they are water soluble so dissolve in plasma
-transported via the hepatic portal vein into liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is glucose absorbed

A

passes into epithelial cells with sodium ions by co transport.
-sodium moves into capillaries by active transport
-glucose moves into capillaries by facilitated diffusion.
- dissolve in plasma.
-some glucose is transported by active transport as facilitated diffusion is slow . Is transported via hepatic portal vein to liver.

18
Q

how are lipids absorbed

A

fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into epithelial cells and reassembled into triglycerides
-proteins are combined to form chylomicrons.
-these moves into lacteals by exocytosis
-carried via lymphatic system to blood and enter the blood via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein.

19
Q

how is vitamin b and c absorbed

A

water soluble so absorbed into blood.

20
Q

how are vitamins A,D and E absorbed

A

fat soluble so absorbed into lacteals.

21
Q

what happens in the large intestine-colon

A

undigested food mucus and bacteria pass into colon,
-absorbs water.-vitamin K and folic acid secreted by mutualistic bacteria living here.
-these are absorbed.

22
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking food through mouth

23
Q

what is digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into soluble molecules small enough to be absorbed.

24
Q

what is assimilation

A

incorporation of products of digestion into the structures of an organism .

25
Q

what is egestion

A

elimination of waste not made by the body including undigested food e.g cellulose.

26
Q

what is the serosa

A

has a layer of connective tissue -protects gut wall and reduces friction of organs.

27
Q

what is the function of longitudinal and circular muscle

A

cause peristalsis.
-circular muscle contracts , longitudinal relax.

28
Q

what is the submucosa

A

-las layer of connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels for absorption and nerves that control muscle.

29
Q

what is the function of mucosa

A

secretes mucus to lubricate and protect mucosa and can also secrete digestive juices.

30
Q

what is role of epithelium

A

secretes substances into lumen.

31
Q

what is a chemoautotroph

A

synthesise food using inorganic energy e.g sulphur and ammonia-present in bacteria and archaea.

32
Q

what is a heterotrophic

A

digest organic molecules produces by other organisms -saprotrophic, holozoic and parasitic.

33
Q

what is a saprotrophic

A

include all fungi and some bacteria.
-feed on dead/decaying matter -secrete enzymes onto food material and absorb the soluble products -extracellular digestion

34
Q

what is a halozoic

A

food taken into body and Brocken down with a specialised digestive system.
-molecules absorbed and used by cells.

35
Q

how is food digested in Amoeba

A

food molecules absorbed by phagocytosis and form a vacuole. digestive enzymes are then released into tis vacuole -digestion occurs intracellularly and products diffuse into cytoplasm.

36
Q

how is food digested in hydra

A

have an undifferentiated gut with a single opening.
-food ingested through mouth into digestive cavity where enzymes are released. breakdown occurs extracellularly
-food particles engulfed into cells lining cavity . Further digestion occurs inside thee cells.

37
Q

what is the function of the lacteal

A

perform nutrient absorbtion especially lipds, they act as a passgae to transport in the form of lipoproteins into lymphatic system.

38
Q

what are the two types of parasite

A

ectoparasite-live on outside of hot.
endoparasite-inside host.

39
Q

what is the role of the rumen in ruminants-

A

food is mixed with microbes that secrete enzymes to digest cellulose into glucose. This is fermented to organic acids that provide an energy source.

40
Q

what is the role of reticulum,

A

cud formed and is regurgitated to mouth.

41
Q

what happens in the omasum,

A

water and organic acids absorbed into blood

42
Q

what happens in the abomasum (true stomach)

A

protein digested by pepsin

Biology year 1 and 2 wjec (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions