Human genomics Flashcards
What is a genome?
Is the the genetic information that is encoded into its DNA and can be inherited by its offspring . The DNA sequences in genes and non coding regions
what is a genome made up of?
The genes that code for proteins and other DNA sequences that do not code for proteins
What is required to analyse DNA sequence
Bioinformatics- It involves computer and statistical analysis
What does systematics do?
It compares human genome sequence data and the genomes of other species to provide information on evolutionary relationship and origins
What is personalised medicine based on?
An individual’s genome
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What is PCR?
It’s a laboratory technique for the amplification of DNA
What primers does PCR use?
Complementary to specific target sequences at the two ends of the DNA region to be amplified
What happens in PCR when it’s heated?
It separates the two strands of the DNA to be amplified
What happens when PCR is cooled?
The primers then bind to target sequence
What does taq polymerase do?
It replicates the region of DNA that has been primed
Why is cooling and heating cycles repeated?
To amplify the region of DNA
What are DNA probes?
They are short, single-stranded fragments of DNA
They are complementary to a specific DNA sequence
What are the arrays of DNA probes used to detect?
The presence of specific specific sequences in strands of DNA
what does a cycle of PCR do?
It doubles the number of copies of a region of DNA
How can fragments of DNA be separated
Gel electrophoresis
How can individuals be identified in DNA profiling?
Through comparison of regions of their genome, which have variable numbers of repetitive DNA sequences
Steps of PCR
1) Temperature increased to 95 to separate strands
2) Primers anneal at 50-60 to bind to target sequence
3) 72 for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA
4) Repeat 3 stages again
What do the small molecules do in gel electrophoresis ?
They move fast
What do the large molecules do in gel electrophoresis
They move slowly
Where does the DNA move to?
The positive electrode and so has a negative charge
What is gel electrophoresis?
Separation of DNA fragments
How can you analyse and predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases?
By an individual’s genome
What can PCR be used for?
It can amplify DNA to help solve crimes, settle paternity suits and diagnose genetic disorders
