Cellular respiration Flashcards
What does glycolysis do?
It breaks down glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm
When is ATP required?
The intermediate during the energy investment stages of glycolysis
How do you get a net gain of ATP?
More ATP during the energy payoff stage
In aerobic conditions what is pyruvate broken down into?
Acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
In the citric acid cycle what does acetyl coenzyme A combine with?
acetyl coa to form citrate
When citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate what happens?
Generation of ATP and releases carbon dioxide
What does the enzyme dehydrogenase do?
Removes hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to the coenzyme NAD, forming NADH
When does the dehydrogenase enzyme occur in respiration
Glycolysis and citric acid cycle
where are the hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH passed to?
The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane
what is ATP synthesis?
When electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
What does the energy allow hydrogen ions to do?
Be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane
what does the flow of these ions back through the membrane protein ATP synthase result in?
The production of ATP
What do hydrogen ions and electrons combine with?
Oxygen to form water
What is the role of ATP in the transfer of energy
ATP is used to transfer to cellular processes which require energy
What is cellular respiration?
The release of energy from food molecules in cells
When is pyruvate broken down into an acetyl group
The presence of oxygen
What are high energy electrons used to do?
Pump hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
What are the alternative respiratory substrates?
Starch, glucose, amino acids and fats
What happens in the absence of oxygen?
Pyruvate from glycolysis follows a fermentation pathways
How is ATP generated in glycolysis
By an inorganic phosphate in an energy pay off phase
What is generated during the citric acid cycle?
ATP
What is released from the citric acid cycle
carbon dioxide
What stage generates the most ATP
Electron transport chain
State the role of dehydrogenase enzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
removes hydrogen ions from the substrate
Describe the roles of the coenzyme NAD
NAD transport hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain
Describe the role of the high energy electrons transported to the electron transport chain
high energy electrons pass down the chain of electron acceptors: releasing their energy, which is then used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Name the enzyme in the inner membrane if mitochondria that is responsible for the regeneration of ATP
ATP synthase
State the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain
acts as the final electron acceptor and combines with hydrogen ions and electrons to form water
Alternative respiratory substrates
other sugars : glycogen, starch, fats and amino acids
