Cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

It breaks down glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

When is ATP required?

A

The intermediate during the energy investment stages of glycolysis

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3
Q

How do you get a net gain of ATP?

A

More ATP during the energy payoff stage

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4
Q

In aerobic conditions what is pyruvate broken down into?

A

Acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A

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5
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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6
Q

In the citric acid cycle what does acetyl coenzyme A combine with?

A

acetyl coa to form citrate

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7
Q

When citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate what happens?

A

Generation of ATP and releases carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What does the enzyme dehydrogenase do?

A

Removes hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to the coenzyme NAD, forming NADH

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9
Q

When does the dehydrogenase enzyme occur in respiration

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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10
Q

where are the hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH passed to?

A

The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane

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11
Q

what is ATP synthesis?

A

When electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy

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12
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane

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13
Q

What does the energy allow hydrogen ions to do?

A

Be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

what does the flow of these ions back through the membrane protein ATP synthase result in?

A

The production of ATP

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15
Q

What do hydrogen ions and electrons combine with?

A

Oxygen to form water

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16
Q

What is the role of ATP in the transfer of energy

A

ATP is used to transfer to cellular processes which require energy

17
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The release of energy from food molecules in cells

18
Q

When is pyruvate broken down into an acetyl group

A

The presence of oxygen

19
Q

What are high energy electrons used to do?

A

Pump hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane

20
Q

What are the alternative respiratory substrates?

A

Starch, glucose, amino acids and fats

21
Q

What happens in the absence of oxygen?

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis follows a fermentation pathways

22
Q

How is ATP generated in glycolysis

A

By an inorganic phosphate in an energy pay off phase

23
Q

What is generated during the citric acid cycle?

A

ATP

24
Q

What is released from the citric acid cycle

A

carbon dioxide

25
Q

What stage generates the most ATP

A

Electron transport chain

26
Q

State the role of dehydrogenase enzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

A

removes hydrogen ions from the substrate

27
Q

Describe the roles of the coenzyme NAD

A

NAD transport hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain

28
Q

Describe the role of the high energy electrons transported to the electron transport chain

A

high energy electrons pass down the chain of electron acceptors: releasing their energy, which is then used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

29
Q

Name the enzyme in the inner membrane if mitochondria that is responsible for the regeneration of ATP

A

ATP synthase

30
Q

State the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain

A

acts as the final electron acceptor and combines with hydrogen ions and electrons to form water

31
Q

Alternative respiratory substrates

A

other sugars : glycogen, starch, fats and amino acids