Gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

State how introns and exons differ

A

Introns (non-coding regions) and exons (coding regions)

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2
Q

How much of a gene is expressed ?

A

Only a fraction

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3
Q

How is gene expression controlled?

A

Its controlled by regulation of transcription and translation

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4
Q

What are genes expressed to do?

A

To produce proteins

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5
Q

What does gene expression result in?

A

The phenotype of an individual human

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6
Q

What does RNA polymerase do in transcription?

A

It moves along DNA, unwinding the double helix and aligning RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

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7
Q

Which codons code for an amino acid?

A

Start and stop codons, which start and stop translation

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8
Q

Describe transcription of DNA

A

DNA polymerase unzips and unwinds DNA
RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides
To make mature RNA, introns are removed and exons are spliced together

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9
Q

Describe translation of mature RNA

A

mRNA goes to the ribosomes
mRNA has a triplet of bases called a codon which codes for a specific amino acid
tRNA carries a specific amino acid
Anticodons on tRNA align with codons on mRNA
Amino acids align in the correct sequence
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds
There’s a start and stop codon which indicates when to start and stop translation

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10
Q

Describe the structure of RNA

A

It is single stranded
The base pairs are Uracil-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine
It is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar and phosphate
rRNA and proteins form the ribosome
tRNA folds due to complementary base pairing

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11
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

It’s an exposed triplet of bases.

At one end and an attachment site for a specific amino acid at the other end

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12
Q

What is gene expression

A

Transcription and translation of a gene to synthesise proteins

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13
Q

One ways by which the expression of a single gene can result in different proteins being produced

A

Alternative RNA splicing

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14
Q

Explain the importance of the regulation of gene expression

A

Energy and resources are conserved

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15
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Picks up a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm and brings it to the ribosome. It also folds due to complementary base pairing

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16
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome

17
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Along with protein it gives structure to the ribsome

18
Q

What happens after anticodons bond to codons by complementary base pairing?

A

It translates the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

19
Q

Where is mRNA transcribed and then translated?

A

It’s transcribe from the DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

20
Q

What is a triplet of bases and what does it code for?

A

A codon and it codes for a specific amino acid

21
Q

What does RNA polymerase synthesis?

A

A primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

22
Q

Where does translation begin?

A

At a start and stop codon and ends at a stop codon

23
Q

What does anticodons bond to?

A

Codons by complementary base pairing, translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

24
Q

What happens when different proteins is expressed from one gene

A

Alternative RNA splicing

25
What is a gene
A gene is a section of DNA which carries the code for the [production of one protein
26
what are the requirements for transcription?
Free RNA nucleotides Enzymes including RNA polymerase Energy in the form of ATP Template is DNA
27
How is the sugar phosphate backbone formed?
By strong chemical bonds between the deoxyribose of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another. it's controlled by DNA polymerase
28
What is the function of DNA polymerase in replication?
It joins nucleotides together to the 3' end
29
Why is a primer needed in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing chain
30
Describe the structure of tRNA
single stranded with some double stranded parts