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Unit 1 Biology > Gene expression > Flashcards

Gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

State how introns and exons differ

A

Introns (non-coding regions) and exons (coding regions)

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2
Q

How much of a gene is expressed ?

A

Only a fraction

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3
Q

How is gene expression controlled?

A

Its controlled by regulation of transcription and translation

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4
Q

What are genes expressed to do?

A

To produce proteins

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5
Q

What does gene expression result in?

A

The phenotype of an individual human

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6
Q

What does RNA polymerase do in transcription?

A

It moves along DNA, unwinding the double helix and aligning RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

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7
Q

Which codons code for an amino acid?

A

Start and stop codons, which start and stop translation

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8
Q

Describe transcription of DNA

A

DNA polymerase unzips and unwinds DNA
RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides
To make mature RNA, introns are removed and exons are spliced together

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9
Q

Describe translation of mature RNA

A

mRNA goes to the ribosomes
mRNA has a triplet of bases called a codon which codes for a specific amino acid
tRNA carries a specific amino acid
Anticodons on tRNA align with codons on mRNA
Amino acids align in the correct sequence
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds
There’s a start and stop codon which indicates when to start and stop translation

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10
Q

Describe the structure of RNA

A

It is single stranded
The base pairs are Uracil-Adenine, Guanine-Cytosine
It is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar and phosphate
rRNA and proteins form the ribosome
tRNA folds due to complementary base pairing

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11
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

It’s an exposed triplet of bases.

At one end and an attachment site for a specific amino acid at the other end

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12
Q

What is gene expression

A

Transcription and translation of a gene to synthesise proteins

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13
Q

One ways by which the expression of a single gene can result in different proteins being produced

A

Alternative RNA splicing

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14
Q

Explain the importance of the regulation of gene expression

A

Energy and resources are conserved

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15
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Picks up a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm and brings it to the ribosome. It also folds due to complementary base pairing

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16
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome

17
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Along with protein it gives structure to the ribsome

18
Q

What happens after anticodons bond to codons by complementary base pairing?

A

It translates the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

19
Q

Where is mRNA transcribed and then translated?

A

It’s transcribe from the DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

20
Q

What is a triplet of bases and what does it code for?

A

A codon and it codes for a specific amino acid

21
Q

What does RNA polymerase synthesis?

A

A primary transcript of mRNA from RNA nucleotides by complementary base pairing

22
Q

Where does translation begin?

A

At a start and stop codon and ends at a stop codon

23
Q

What does anticodons bond to?

A

Codons by complementary base pairing, translating the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

24
Q

What happens when different proteins is expressed from one gene

A

Alternative RNA splicing

25
Q

What is a gene

A

A gene is a section of DNA which carries the code for the [production of one protein

26
Q

what are the requirements for transcription?

A

Free RNA nucleotides
Enzymes including RNA polymerase
Energy in the form of ATP
Template is DNA

27
Q

How is the sugar phosphate backbone formed?

A

By strong chemical bonds between the deoxyribose of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another. it’s controlled by DNA polymerase

28
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase in replication?

A

It joins nucleotides together to the 3’ end

29
Q

Why is a primer needed in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing chain

30
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA

A

single stranded with some double stranded parts

Unit 1 Biology (8 decks)

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