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U0 Psychology 100 > Human Genetics Reading (final) > Flashcards

Human Genetics Reading (final) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 opposing views on “where do these differences come from”

A

nativists and empiricist

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2
Q

what are nativists

A

emphasized genes and inborn characteristics, or nature

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3
Q

what are empiricists

A

focused on learning and experience, or nurture

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4
Q

is it nature or nurture

A

they are both together, it is not one or the other

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5
Q

what expresses genes

A

experience; such as stress and hormonal changes, etc

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6
Q

what are behavioural genetics

A

an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with generate contributions and individual differences in behaviour and personality

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7
Q

what are genes

A

th functional unit of heredity; they are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins

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8
Q

what are chromosomes

A

within every cell, rod shaped structures that carry the genes

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9
Q

what is DNA

A

the chromosomal molecule that transfers genetic characteristics by way of code instructions for the structure of proteins

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10
Q

what is gnome

A

the full set of genes in each cell of an organism (with the exception of sperm and egg cells), together with noncoding DNA located outside the genes

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11
Q

where are genes located

A

on chromosomes

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12
Q

where does 98.8% of our total DNA lay

A

outside the genes, is called junk DNA but that is quickly proving to be an inaccurate name

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13
Q

what form does DNA take

A

the DOUBLE HELIX

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14
Q

What are the bases in dna

A

ACTG

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15
Q

does the number of genes play a role in the complexity of the organism

A

not necessarily, it isn’t how many genes, but rather what those genes d

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16
Q

what is genome-wide association studies

A

trying to identify genes that cause disease in people who have them

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17
Q

what is linkage studies

A

searching for genes associated with rare disorders

18
Q

what are genetic markers

A

DNA segments that vary considerably among individuals whose locations on the chromosome are already known and can function as a genetic landmark for a gene involved in a physical or mental condition

19
Q

what are epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in the expression of a particular gene that occur without changing in DNA base sequences; the Greek prefix epi means “on top of” or “in addition to”

form of mutation

20
Q

does the genome stay the same

A

nope, mutations happen and produces various forms of genes

21
Q

where do we get any mutations (gene varientients) from

A

our parents, but also the environment

22
Q

the basic units of heredity are called

A

genes

23
Q

what does whole-genome sequencing involve

A

sequencing the entire 3 billion base pares of DNA that make up the human genome

24
Q

what do genetic mutations produce

A

inherited defects that will continue to be passed along genetic lines

25
Q

why do gene frequencies change in a population

A

mutations and environment

26
Q

what is evolutionary psychology

A

a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in social practices, perception, emotional responses and other areas of behaviour

27
Q

what is evolution

A

a change in gene frequencies within a population over many generations; a mechanism by which genetically influenced characteristics of a population may change

28
Q

what is natural selection

A

the evolutionary process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits theatre adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than do other individuals; as a result, their traits became more common in the population

29
Q

give an example of a mental module

A

why are we nice to people who aren’t nice to us? why do we tip a waiter even if we will never go back to that restaurant because the service was bad? because we have the natural selective mindset of “cooperate now because you may need them in the future” but critics are against this

30
Q

lost 5 innate human characteristics

A 
infant reflexes
an interest in novelty (new things)
a desire to explore and manipulate objects
an impulse to play and fool around 
basic cognitive abilities
31
Q

what is sociobiology

A

an interdisciplinary field that emphasizes evolutionary explanations of social behaviours in animals, including human beings

32
Q

what are the opposite sexual strategies between males and females

A

males generally want sex more often then females do; males are often fickle and promiscuous whereas females are usually devoted and faithful; males are drawn to sexual novelly (they want to pass on as many genes as possible) whereas females was stability and security (because carrying an offspring is difficult and she needs help)

33
Q

what are the 4 challenges to the evolutionary view of human mating strategies

A

stereotypes versus actual behaviour
what people say vs what they do
convenience vs representative samples
the fred flintstone problem

34
Q

explain stereotypes versus actual behaviour

A

many examples where females have lots of sex and males are the faithful ones

35
Q

what is meant by what people say vs what they do

A

based on what people say they desire in a potential mate is different than what they actually pick

36
Q

what is convenience vs representative samples

A

the survey conducted will have some bias if you only pick from a specific group of people (e.g. what college students say will be different than hat the rest of the population says)

37
Q

what is the fred flintstone problem

A

even if the plies tone age really influenced the choices and desires of people, there is no need to think we are still like that

38
Q

what is heritability

A

a statistical estimate of the proportions of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group

39
Q

what are the important facts about heritability

A

an estimate of heritability applies only to a particular group living in a particular environment
heritability estimates do not apply to a specific person, only to variations within a group of people
even highly heritable traits can be modified by the environment

40
Q

what is Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

a measure of intelligence origionalycosmputed by dividing a person’s mental age by his or her chronological age and multiplying the rest by 100; it is now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests

41
Q

is IQ heritable

A

it can be

42
Q

what are some environmental influences associated with reduced mental ability

A

poor parental care
malnutrition
exposure to toxins
stressful family circumstances

U0 Psychology 100 (16 decks)

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