Chapter 12 (final)

Question 1

what is Personality

Answer 1

can be defined as an enduring set of internally based characteristics that serves to produce uniqueness and consistency in the expressions of a person’s thoughts and behaviors, along with an explanation to account for these characteristics

Question 2

what are personality traits

Answer 2

internally based characteristics

Question 3

what are the psychodynamic perspectives of personality

Answer 3

the underlying assumption is that the expression of personality is motivated by internal processes and conflicts over which individuals have little or no consciousness awareness and consequently limited personal control

Question 4

The individual most closely associated with the psychodynamic perspective is who

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud

Question 5

Freud’s iceberg model of the mind consisting of three regions what are they

Answer 5

the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious

Question 6

what is in The preconscious mind

Answer 6

contains mental information that the individual may not be thinking about at any given moment but can easily gain access to when needed, as well as remove from awareness when no longer needed

Question 7

what s the unconscious mind

Answer 7

the largest and, according to Freud, the most influential region of the mind. The unconscious mind is a seemingly unlimited storage facility containing the thoughts, feelings, memories, needs, desires, wishes, and past experiences deemed too threatening to appear at the conscious level of awareness. According to Freud, to understand personality, it is necessary to expose and gain access to the content of the unconscious mind

Question 8

what is free association

Answer 8

The method of free association required the individual to say whatever came to his or her mind without considering how meaningless or threatening it might seem. He assumed that because the associations are linked together emotionally in the unconscious, an analysis of the pattern of these connections would reveal their true meaning as expressions of past and present psychological trauma

Question 9

what is manifest content

Answer 9

With dream analysis, the manifest content is what the dreamer remembers and, according to Freud, the disguised content

Question 10

what is The latent content

Answer 10

The latent content is the expression of the content of unconscious mind and a reflection of a person’s true feelings, needs, and desires

Question 11

what are the Structural Components of Personality

Answer 11

id, ego, and superego

Question 12

what is the id

Answer 12

the core component of personality and is located completely in the unconscious mind.

Freud proposed that the id, without any direct contact with the external world or conscious awareness, operates on the pleasure principle. The id acts on basic human needs for survival and self-preservation (e.g., eating, drinking) in addition to primal urges to indulge the pleasure principle, which includes sexual impulses (Eros) and unrestrained aggression (Thanatos)

Question 13

what is the ego

Answer 13

Freud identified the ego as the component of the mind that can subdue the id’s sexual and aggressive impulses to wait for the “right time and right place.”

Question 14

what does the ego operate on

Answer 14

the reality principe

it is the balancer’

Question 15

what is the superego

Answer 15

represents one’s sense of right and wrong

Question 16

what does the superego operate on

Answer 16

on a sense of morality reflecting family values, official laws, social conventions, religious beliefs, and a personal moral code. The sense of morality characteristic of the superego is regulated by the ego ideal and the conscience

Question 17

what did freud say is the reason for anxiety

Answer 17

anxiety serve as a warning sign of possible danger to the ego

Question 18

what is Reality anxiety

Answer 18

informs the ego of real danger (e.g., a car is drifting into your lane).

Question 19

what is Moral anxiety

Answer 19

notifies the superego that the ego is considering violating a moral code (e.g., you want to cheat on a test).

Question 20

what is Neurotic anxiety

Answer 20

warns the ego of the threatening expression of id impulses at the level of conscious awareness (e.g., you want to scream out loud while sitting in a boring meeting

Question 21

To mask feelings of anxiety and disguise the source of the tension, as well as from keeping them from being expressed, (e.g., screaming out loud), individuals unconsciously employ a variety of what

Answer 21

defense mechanisms

Question 22

The principal defense mechanism is what

Answer 22

repression

Question 23

what is repression

Answer 23

characterized by the individual’s ego simply removing (e.g., ignoring, trying to forget) the threatening impulse from conscious awareness. For example, a victim of assault may have trouble recalling the details of the attack because doing so would trigger the images and emotions of the entire episode. However, such memories remain buried in the unconscious, where they continue to create feelings of anxiety.

Question 24

At the core of this explanation, Freud proposed the development of personality through a sequence of five what

Answer 24

psychosexual stages

Question 25

what are the psychosexual stages

Answer 25

see chart

Question 26

Each stage is associated with a major biological function corresponding to a specific what

Answer 26

erogenous zone

Question 27

what is erogenous zone

Answer 27

a region of the body that serves as the source of enjoyment

Question 28

what are The Neo-Freudian Perspectives

Answer 28

represent explanations of personality based on reactions to and extensions of Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective. The basis of each of these viewpoints reflects a perceived limitation of some aspect of Freud’s ideas and a desire to correct that shortcoming

Question 29

One major point of dispute was with Freud’s ideas regarding the nature of the unconscious mind. Jung proposed what

Answer 29

collective unconscious

Question 30

what is collective unconscious

Answer 30

which he believed was interconnected through past experiences to other individuals across generations and locations around the world. Contained in this region of the mind was a universal set of common thoughts, feelings, behaviors, beliefs, rituals, emotions, experiences, images, and symbols inherited from all of those who ever came before us over time, including animals. Examples of such universal knowledge and tendencies include a fear of the unknown, search for novelty, desire for social order, and need for the emotional contact with others

Question 31

Jung believed that all of this inherited universal knowledge was stored in the collective unconscious in the form of

Answer 31

archetypes

Question 32

what are archetypes

Answer 32

Archetypes are universal thought patterns and behavior rituals triggered by specific situations and symbols and images representing certain people, ideas, or beliefs. When expressed, these archetypes provide a universal response that is adaptive over time and across situations.

Question 33

what was jung’s persona theory

Answer 33

The persona was the tendency for people to develop a certain pattern of behaviors when in public to get along with others, similar to Freud’s superego

Question 34

what was jung’s shadow theory

Answer 34

The shadow represents the dark and more primitive side of personality, similar to Freud’s id.

Question 35

what was jung’s self theory

Answer 35

the most important archetype, serves to unit all other aspects of the individual’s personality, much like Freud’s ego.

Question 36

who was Alfred Adler

Answer 36

an early supporter of Freud, but eventually began to disagree with him on some of his most important ideas, including the importance of unconscious sexual needs, the meaning of dreams, and the role of the ego

Question 37

what did Adler propose

Answer 37

proposed that striving for superiority, operating at the conscious level, was the primary motivational source of personality. Striving for superiority does not mean that we strive to be superior or better than others. Instead, it means trying to become a better person in an effort to overcome real or imagined feelings of inferiority developed earlier in life through interactions with parents, siblings, and peers

Question 38

It was Adler’s belief that striving for superiority should be guided by the principle of what

Answer 38

social interest

Question 39

what is social interest

Answer 39

the goal of becoming a better person should to do so to make society better as you make yourself a better person

Question 40

what did Karen Horney focus on

Answer 40

Horney wanted to focus more on interpersonal relationships than on intrapsychic conflicts as primary determinants of personality

Question 41

what was the motivational force underlying the expression of personality

Answer 41

the motivational force underlying the expression of personality was the search for social security

Question 42

what is social security

Answer 42

a sense of feeling safe and loved in our relationships with others

Question 43

what is basic anxiety

Answer 43

When individuals feel unsafe, unloved, and powerless in their relationships

Question 44

what is basic hostility

Answer 44

Feelings of basic hostility begin to emerge along with the belief that significant others are not helping to create a secure environment

Question 45

Horney (1945) identified three basic strategies individuals use to reduce feelings of basic anxiety and establish a sense of safety what are they

Answer 45

moving toward people
moving away from people
moving against people

Question 46

what is moving toward people

Answer 46

in which the individual does and says certain things in the hopes that other will like and take care of them. For example, teenagers may succumb to peer pressure and conform to the beliefs and behaviors of others in an effort to be accepted and avoid being teased and ridiculed

Question 47

what is moving away from people

Answer 47

in which the individual withdraws emotionally in the hopes that others will not be able to harm them. As an example of this strategy, a shy man stays at home and plays video games to avoid being rejected when he tries to talk to individuals he finds attractive at parties

Question 48

what is moving against people

Answer 48

in which the individual tries to harm others first in the hopes of preventing others from considering doing harm to them. For example, a woman ends a series of romantic relationship early to avoid having her heart broken by others.

Question 49

In direct contrast to the rather pessimistic views of the psychodynamic perspective is what

Answer 49

the humanistic perspectives

Question 50

what are the humanistic perspectives

Answer 50

based on the underlying assumption that the expression of personality is motivated by the internal desire for self-improvement and self-enhancement, which operates at the conscious level of awareness

Question 51

what is Carl Rogers theory

Answer 51

Rogers’ Self-Theory: The Search for Self-Actualization

purported that the core element of an individual’s personality is the self-concept

Question 52

what is self-concept

Answer 52

which refers to how someone perceives his or her unique set of characteristics, skills, qualities, and abilities

Question 53

what is Self-esteem

Answer 53

is how positively or negatively a person evaluates him or herself based on life experiences

Question 54

what is Conditional positive regard

Answer 54

serves to stifle personal growth by placing limits on the acceptance people give to others. For example, parents may show approval when their teenage daughter conforms to their wishes for her to go to medical school instead of her own desire to study social work.

Question 55

what is unconditional positive regard

Answer 55

which includes displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect for an individual, no matter what that person says or does

Question 56

According to Bandura, a core element of personality is the what

Answer 56

self-system

Question 57

what is the self-system

Answer 57

The self-system is a set of cognitions that people use to observe, evaluate, and regulate their behavior in different situations. For example, a shy student notices that at a specific pub on game day, those wearing a home-team ball cap seem to have an easier time striking up conversations with others than those not wearing one. As a result, he now wears the ball cap when going to the pub on game day

Question 58

what is self-efficacy

Answer 58

In addition to monitoring the behaviors of others, Bandura also proposed that people consider their ability to satisfactorily perform various behaviors as well as the potential consequences of a particular behavior in a given context to determine their sense of self-efficacy

Self-efficacy is the belief about one’s ability to successfully perform in a given situation. High levels of self-efficacy occur when a person feels confident in his or her ability to excel in a variety of situations