Chapter 13 (final)

Question 1

what is Attribution theory

Answer 1

provides a framework to understand the reasons behind the actions of others. When making attributions that explain another person’s behaviors, the accuracy of our assessment varies. Although we would like to believe that we operate without bias, there are several factors that may make us more prone to error

Question 2

When interpreting the actions of others, there are two basic attributions that can be made, what are they

Answer 2

(1) dispositional/internal causes or (2) situational/external causes

Question 3

what are Dispositional or internal causes

Answer 3

encompass personality traits and characteristics of the person,

Question 4

what are situational or external causes

Answer 4

are a function of the environment

Question 5

what are we more likely to attribute the behavior of others to

Answer 5

dispositional or internal causes

Question 6

when assessing our own behavior, we are more likely to make what attributions

Answer 6

situational or external attributions

Question 7

what is Kelley’s covariation model

Answer 7

asserts that a single exposure to a person is insufficient to form accurate attributions, meaning multiple observation of behavior over time in a variety of different contexts are required to assess the source of another’s behavior

Question 8

Kelley identified three factors that need consideration when making internal or external attributions: what are they

Answer 8

consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

Question 9

what is Consistency

Answer 9

of behavior looks at how a person acts in the same situation/context across time

Question 10

what is distinctiveness

Answer 10

of a person’s actions must also be considered, which determines whether the person behaves similarly across different situations/contexts.

Question 11

what is consensus

Answer 11

compares the extent to which an individual’s behavior resembles the behavior of others

Question 12

when are internal attributions made and when are external attributions made

Answer 12

In situations where an individual has high consistency, low distinctiveness, and low consensus, internal attributions are made. However, external attributions are made when there is low consistency, high distinctiveness, and high consensus

Question 13

what is The fundamental attribution error (FAE)

Answer 13

explains how we assign attributes to self and others. Based on the FAE, we attribute the behavior of others to dispositional (internal) causes and our own behavior to environmental (external) causes

Question 14

The fundamental attribution error is also known as what

Answer 14

the actor-observer bias

Question 15

what does the The self-serving bias do

Answer 15

ensures that we depict ourselves in the best possible light

Question 16

what is the false consensus effect

Answer 16

occurs when we overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs

People assume that the ideas and opinions they embrace are not only correct and sound, but also shared by others around them

Question 17

what is impression formation

Answer 17

addresses how we formulate opinions about individuals or groups. Impression formation is heavily influenced by information that is initially available

Question 18

what is first impression

Answer 18

The most important part of how you perceive others and others perceive you is referred to as a first impression, which is based on the primacy effect

Question 19

what is primacy effect

Answer 19

An initial impression is more salient and is indicative of the primacy effect. Negative information is typically given more weight than positive information when formulating impressions; this is particularly evident when negative information is received first and capitalizes on the primacy effect

Question 20

what is the confirmation bias

Answer 20

Confirmation bias occurs when we are more likely to attend to and process facts or events that are consistent with our initial impression. Conversely, information that contradicts our beliefs is either discarded or ignored. We do not attend to disconfirming evidence

Question 21

what is self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 21

If you believe something to be true or have a high degree of certainty about an outcome, you may unwittingly produce the expected result;

Question 22

what is Social influence

Answer 22

is the process in which our thoughts and actions are shaped by the presence of others.

Question 23

what are Social norms

Answer 23

prescribed behaviors that vary across contexts, cultures, and time. As the situation changes, so does the expected response.

Question 24

what is meant by customs are individualistic in western cultures

Answer 24

Western cultures, customs are individualistic, so the focus is on individual gains over the betterment of the group

Question 25

what is meant by Eastern cultures are collectivist societies

Answer 25

where the benefit of the group supersedes that of the individual

Question 26

what is conformity

Answer 26

the extent to which individuals modify their behavior to be consistent with the behavior of others in the group

Question 27

what is Groupthink

Answer 27

there are three basic components that contribute to poor decision-making, including overestimating the group (illusion of invulnerability and a belief in inherent morality of the group), closemindedness (collective rationalization and stereotyped views of outgroup), and pressure for uniformity (direct pressure on dissenters, self-censorship, illusions of unanimity, and self-appointed mindguards)

Question 28

what is bystander effect

Answer 28

According to the bystander effect, a person in need of help is less likely to receive assistance as the number of onlookers increases. The level of inaction of others increases as the number of bystanders increase, so help is more likely to occur with fewer bystanders present

Question 29

what is diffusion of responsibility

Answer 29

part of the bystander effect. they think it isn’t their responsibility

Question 30

what is pluralistic ignorance

Answer 30

a social psychological concept that occurs when people fail to act because they unwittingly rely on social cues from others to guide their behavior, without realizing that the referent others also face uncertainty

Question 31

what are Attitudes

Answer 31

Attitudes represent variations in thoughts, ideas, and opinions. We are born with no pre-set ideas; all attitudes are learned and are shaped by personal experience, direct instruction from others, and the ideas we observe in others, which may be positive, negative, or neutral

Question 32

what are the three components of attitudes about a person or object:

Answer 32

cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestations

Question 33

what is cognitive

Answer 33

The cognitive component addresses the thoughts one may have about someone or something

Question 34

what is affective component

Answer 34

includes one’s feelings about the attitude in questions.

Question 35

what is behavioral component

Answer 35

addresses the actions taken

Question 36

what is Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 36

Festinger developed Cognitive Dissonance Theory to explain what happens when people’s attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

e.g. you say you want to stop global warming but you continue to drive car and pollute the world (this makes you uncomfortable because your views are not aligning)

Question 37

how do you stop cognitive dissonance

Answer 37

(1) change the attitude, (2) change the behavior, (3) distort attitude(s), and (4) distort perceived behavior(s).

Question 38

what are Stereotypes

Answer 38

are attitudes and opinions about people based on the group they are affiliated with

Question 39

what is stereotype threat

Answer 39

When placed in situations where an individual is afraid that their performance will be consistent with the prevailing stereotype, the result is known as the stereotype threat.

Question 40

what is Prejudice

Answer 40

However, prejudice is inherently negative. Prejudice is associated with hate and consists of negative attitudes directed at groups who share a similar characteristic.

Question 41

what is discrimination

Answer 41

related to behavior

Question 42

what is Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 42

another explanation for hatred across minorities, based on the idea that there are few desirable jobs available, so the competition for these limited resources creates conflict

Question 43

what is the mere exposure effect

Answer 43

the more time and experience we have with another person can also increase our liking,

Question 44

what does the Biological models say

Answer 44

explain differences in aggression levels in humans and animals as a function of genetics, hormones, and brain physiology.

Question 45

what are Prosocial behaviors or altruism

Answer 45

behaviors that are done to benefit another without the expectation of anything in return

Question 46

what is reciprocal altruism

Answer 46

implies that there is an expectation of some form of returned gesture that would require long-term score keeping; these explanations deviate from the pure idea of altruism that is based on selfless acts of kindness

Question 47

what is reciprocity norm

Answer 47

dictates that if others help us, then we should provide something in return

Question 48

what are the Three common forms of compliance

Answer 48

are the foot-in-the-door technique, the door-in-the-face technique, and process referred to as lowballing

Question 49

what is Foot-in-the-Door

Answer 49

initial request is small, so people willingly participate

Question 50

what is Door-in-the-face

Answer 50

another method that relies on the reciprocity norm. When using door-in-the- face, the initial request is large and met with rejection, so a smaller request is made and then accepted

Question 51

what is Lowballing

Answer 51

technique most commonly associated with car salesmen. The initial offer seems great and you are committed to the purchase, and then the deal is not as good. There are added fees and other charges that sour the deal; however, the salesperson is relying on the customer’s commitment to owning the vehicle in question. The salesperson also uses the reciprocity norm