Human Factors

Question 1

What are the 4 types of hypoxia ?

Answer 1

Hypoxic :
The normal effect of altitude . The symptoms are the euphoria at first and then poor judgment and coordination.

Anaemic :
It iscaused by abundance of carbon monoxide in the haemglobin -> Dizziness, Headache.

Stagnant :
Temporary displacement of blood in the head ( negative G ) or from the head ( positive G )
(2G = grey out, 4G = black out, 6 G = loss of consciousness)

Histotoxic :
Caused by chemical poisoning and high blood alcohol

Question 2

What are the 5 types of decompression sickness ?

Answer 2

Ears block :
When the Eustachian tubes do not open readily preventing to equalize the pressure at the middle ear
Sinus block :
Obstrucion of the sinuses preventing to equalize the pressure
Toothaches :
Due to inadequately filled root canals
Common cold :
The pilot feels more easily tired
Suba diving :
Nitrogen forms bubbles in the body fluids as barometric pressure decreases , inducing incapaciting bends visual disturbances , tingling and itching.

Question 3

What are the 5 main atittudes ?

Answer 3

Anti authority, Resignation, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho

Question 4

What are the 5 types of crew ressource management ?

Answer 4

Attention :
Understandind how distractions can be avoided.
Crew, :
Importance of proper communications, division of responsabilities.
Stress : Understanding the effects of the life stress events.
Attitude :
Recognizing hazardous attitudes and behaviours.
Risk Management :
Evaluation of operational hazards.

Question 5

What is Ozone Sickness ?

Answer 5

Ozone Sickness causes among others symptoms, headache, poor night vision, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting. It happens generally at more than 30 000 feet.

Question 6

What is Hyperventilation ?

Answer 6

It is an increase in respiration that upsets the natural balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the system. The remedy is a conscious effort to slow down the rate of breathing to allow the carbon dioxide to build up to a normal level.

Question 7

What is the Hypothermia/ Hyperthermia ?

Answer 7

Hypothermia : Continued exposure to cold temperature will result in reduced efficiency to the point where safe operation of the airplane is impossible.
Hyperthermia : At temperatures over 30 °C, discomfort, irritability and loss of efficiency are pronounced.

Question 8

What is the D.E.C.I.D.E process ?

Answer 8

Detect change
Estimate the significance of the change
Choosse the outcome objective
Identify plausible action options
Do the best action
Evaluate the progress

Question 9

What are the factors of Pilot Decision Making ?

Answer 9

• Knowledge : courses and training received , hours of experience in flying under different conditions.

•	Situational awareness :
 All the knowledge that is accessible and can be integrated into a coherent picture.
•	Skill 
•	Stress 
•	Risk management

Question 10

What are the 3 types of stressors ?

Answer 10

Physical ( temperature, noise..),

Physiological ( Fatigue poor physical condition ), Psychological ( Emotional factors ).

Question 11

What are the 2 types of Fatigue

Answer 11

Acute ( treated with a good sleep ) , Chronic ( caused by stressful work with inadequate rest ).

Question 12

Can you fly after a blood donation ?

Answer 12

Not within 48 hours after the donation

Question 13

Could you fly after having experienced an Anaesthetic ?

Answer 13

Not for a general, you should not fly until a doctor says it’s safe. For a local one not within 24 hours.

Question 14

What is Black hole illusion ?

Answer 14

Darkness , absence of visual cues and few ground lights combine to induce a false perception of altitude or attitude. it makes the pilot to overestimate altitude and fly too low.

Question 15

What is a Kinaesthetic illusion ?

Answer 15

Change in acceleration or deceleration, low level flight over water and frequent transfer from instrument to visual flight conditions unperceived change in flight altitude.

Question 16

What is Spatial disorientation ?

Answer 16

It happens when there is a confusion on the position or the movement in relation to the surface of the earth. (flashing illumination caused by strobe lights or anti collision lights can induce a spatial disorientation ).

Question 17

What is the coriolis effect ?

Answer 17

If movement is occasioned in two of the semi circular canals of the inner ear a sympathetic but more violent movement is induced in the third ( Tumbling ) . It is advised to avoid rapid head movements when flying under instrument conditions.

Question 18

What are the recommendations when you go scuba dive ?

Answer 18

After non-decompression dives: it is advised to avoid flying for 12 hours.
After decompression dives : it is advised to avoid flying for 24 hours.
In any case it is not possible to go higher than 8000 feet less than 24 hours after the dive.
If Dive depth is below 30 feet , don’t fly for 24 hours.

Question 19

What is the Design Eye Reference Point ?

Answer 19

The DERP is a certain height above the cockpit floor and a certain distance from the datum line. It is the position at which the pilot benefit from an optimum vision zone when seated.

Question 20

What are the 3 main vestibulars illusion ?

Answer 20

Acceleration/Decceleration illusion :
Acceleration ( the semi circular canal liquid goes rearward )-> illusion of Nose Up/
Decceleration (the semi-circular canal liquid goes forward )-> illusion of Nose Down

False climb illusion :
If tilt ( of the olotith, the small organs which sense and signal to the other organs the position of head relative to vertical ) and acceleration are experienced simultaneously, the interpretations is that of a much steeper tilt.

False opposite turn indication :
When established in a continuous turn, liquid stabilizes in semi-circular canal. When you stop turning the brain thinks you are turning in the other direction.

Question 21

What are the 3 levels of situational awareness ?

Answer 21

1st level : courses and training received at this stage.
2nd level : many hours of flying experience in operation plus added courses and training. You can recognize situations and cope with problems.
3rd level : you can face all situations, predict them and anticipate the solutions.

Question 22

What is empty field myopia ?

Answer 22

With nothing to focus on, the eyes automatically focus on a point few meters ahead. Detection of objects outside this restricted field is delayed. To remedy focus the vision on an object far on the horizon and divide sky into segments.

Question 23

What are the effects of Alcohol ? The rules to follow ?

Answer 23

One ounce of alcohol take 3 hours to wear off. 1 drink at sea level = 2 drinks at 6000 feet.
At 10 000 feet the effects of alcohol are tripled.
It is not permitted to fly less than 12 hours after the last drink.