Flight Operations Flashcards
In what consist the operations of Weight and Balance ?
Controll the weight loaded in the aircraft, Properly locate this weight inside the aircraft.
What are the different reference weights used for Weight and Balance ?
- Max Take-off weight : Weight at the beginning of the take-off
- Basic empty weight : Basic aircraft weight + Weight of the optional equipment + Weight of the unusable fuel + Weight of the oil (sometimes) .
- Useful Load : Pilot , Passengers, Baggage, Fuel.
- Pay Load : Useful load – ( Crew including their equipment and fuel )
- Max ramp Weight
- Max Landing weight : Max permissible weight at landing ( not to damage the landing gear )
- Zero Fuel Weight : Maximum weight without fuel
What are the normalised weights for passengers ?
Men ( Summer 200 lbs / Winter 206 lbs )
Women ( Summer 165 lbs / Winter 171 lbs )
Child ( Summer and Winter 75 lbs )
Infants ( Summer and Winter 30 lbs )
What is the standard weight of the fuel ?
6 lbs per gallon / 1.59 lbs per liter
What is the reference line ?
The point from which all the weights are measured.
What is the CG ?
Point of equilibrium of all weights
What is the moment formula ?
Moment = Weight × Arm
What is the Center of Gravity Moment Envelope ?
A graphical representation of the center of gravity and the maximum weight of an aircraft.
What happens if the plane flies at maximum weight ?
- Longer take off distance
- Lower cruising speed
- Longer landing distance
- Higher fuel consumption
What happens if the CG is too far rear ?
- Stall speed reduced
- Better autonomy
- Stability reduced
What happens if the CG is too far forward ?
- Stability increases
- Stall speed increases
- Harder to flare at landing
What is the Ground roll ?
Portion to takeoff spent on the ground ( the length of the ground roll is affected by the wind and the runway surface ( paved, grass ).
What is the take-off total distance ?
Distance to clear a 50 feet obstacle including the ground roll ( the distance from lift off to the 50 ft obstacle clearance is affected by the wind only ).
What are the factors affecting the performance in cruise ?
- The density of the air
- The temperature
- The aircraft weight
- The CG location
- The power setting
- The flight configuration
What implies flying at a speed used for endurance ?
It enables the Greatest time in the air for the quantity of fuel
What implies flying at a speed used for range ?
It enables the Greatest distance travelled for the quantity of fuel.
What is the Maximum Cruising speed ?
Best airspeed considering engine performance
What is the Manoeuvering speed ?
Speed at which full deflection of control surfaces is possible without causing damage to the aircraft.
What is the Best Glide speed ?
Highest distance covered per unit of altitude lost.
What are the relevant informations to be collected before landing ?
- Runway length and orientation ( in CFS )
- Landing procedures ( in CFS, VTA and CAP )
- Weather conditions ( Wind , Ceiling and Visibility )
What are the factors affecting the landing ?
- Runway length and surface ( Hard, Soft, Grass )
- Runway conditions ( Dry, Wet, Iced )
- Obstacles on approach
- Wind direction and velocity
- Wind shear / Gust
- Aircraft configuration
- Approach speed and use of power
What is the Approach speed ?
Vso × 1.3
What is the Wheel barrowing ?
Rolling to the nose wheel only, following an approach speed too high or too much forward pressure in control column.
What is Bouncing ?
Flaring too high and hitting the surface flat. To recover it is important to regain control before problem amplifies and execute a missed approach.
