Human Factors

Question 0

What is the comfortable operating range for humans?

Answer 0

21-27 degrees Celsius

50% humidity

Question 1

What is the formula for BMI?

Answer 1

Weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared

Question 2

Under what conditions can heat stress occur?

Answer 2

Excess of 32 degrees Celsius

Excess exposure to sun

Question 3

Under what conditions can hypothermia occur?

Answer 3

Exposure to less that 10 degrees Celsius

Question 4

How long should you wait to fly after donating blood?

Answer 4

24 hours

Question 5

A smoker physiological altitude is approximately what at sea level?

Answer 5

4000 ft

Question 6

The inner ear is connected to the nasal cavity via what?

Answer 6

The euthaschian tube

Question 7

Blocking of the euthaschian tube can lead to?

Answer 7

Otic barotrauma and pressure vertigo

Question 8

What causes otic barotrauma?

Answer 8

Difference in pressure on either side of the ear drum

Question 9

What can be done to relieve otic barotrauma?

Answer 9

Valsava technique

Question 10

When is sinus barotrauma most likely to occur?

Answer 10

During descent

Question 11

What causes air sickness?

Answer 11

Ambiguous signals arriving at the brain.

When sight, vestibular (inner ear) and or proprioception (skeletal and joints) signals conflict

Question 12

What can assist with aiding airsickness?

Answer 12

Focusing on the horizon
Fresh air
Occupying mind with other things

Question 13

Describe the 3 classes of medically and how long they are valid for.

Answer 13

Class 1 - CPL valid for one year
Class 2 - PPL valid for 4 years if under 40, 2 years if over 40
Class 3 - ATC valid for 2 years

Question 14

CAR 256 states what about alcohol?

Answer 14

Pilot must not fly if consumption of drugs or alcohol impairs his/her capacity to act as PIC
Pilot must not consume alcohol within 8 hours of departure of aircraft
A pilot must not consume alcohol during flight

Question 15

What diseases are directly associated with obesity?

Answer 15

Osteoarthritis
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Gout

Question 16

At what approximate height will a healthy human start to suffer effects associated with lack of oxygen?

Answer 16

14000 ft

Question 17

At what height does it become necessary to break 100% oxygen or pressure cabin to approx 8000ft?

Answer 17

40000 ft

Question 18

What are the symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer 18

Impaired judgement
Nausea and headache, frequent yawning
Tingling cyanosis (blue)
Personality changes (euphoria or aggression)
Poor muscular control and lack or coordination
Poor concentration
Vision, touch and hearing deteriorates

Question 19

List the time available for useful consciousness at 20000, 25000 and 30000 feet

Answer 19

Altitude Moderate activity Sitting quietly
20000 10 mins 20 mins
25000 3 mins 5 mins
30000 1 min 3 mins

Question 20

In the eye, what is responsible for night vision?

Answer 20

Rods, extremely sensitive to oxygen

Question 21

What are the causes of hyperventilation?

Answer 21

Anxiety
Motion sickness
Vibration
Heat
High g forces

Question 22

What are the symptoms of hyperventilation?

Answer 22

Lightheaded/dizziness
Tingling, numbness and or stiffening of fingers, hands, toes and lips
Anxiety
Chest pains
Reduced performance
Collapse and unconsciousness

Question 23

Carbon monoxide causes what?

Answer 23

Light headache
Fatigue
Mild discomfort in breathing
Unconsciousness and death

Question 24

How is carbon monoxide likely to enter the cabin?

Answer 24

If there is a leak in the exhaust pipes, carbon monoxide can enter cabin via heater system

Question 25

If carbon monoxide is detected, what actions should be taken?

Answer 25

Turn off cabin heat Fresh air vents opened Use oxygen if available Land ASAP and investigate

Question 26

What are the effects of negative acceleration on the body?

Answer 26

``` Fullness and pressure in the head Congestion of head and neck Eyelids swell Nose bleeds Red eyes and blurry vision ```

Question 27

When can grey out occur and what are the symptoms?

Answer 27

3.5-4.5 g's | Tunnel vision

Question 28

What are the causes and symptoms of decompression sickness?

Answer 28

Nitrogen solution comes out of blood in the form of bubbles. | Sore joints, itching, dry cough, partial loss of vision

Question 29

When can a pilot fly after diving?

Answer 29

Dive not requiring decompression stops - 4 hours Dive less than 4 hours requiring decompression stops - 12 hours Dive longer than 4 hours requiring decompression stops - 48 hours

Question 30

Rods and cones sense incoming light and send signals to where?

Answer 30

The optic nerve

Question 31

What do cones do in the eye?

Answer 31

Centrally located and specialise in colour perception and fine detail. Requires bright light

Question 32

The rods do what in the eye?

Answer 32

Function best in low light and chiefly responsible for night vision

Question 33

What is rhodopsin?

Answer 33

Substance used to prime the rods for night vision Takes approx 30-45 mins to develop Can be destroyed with bright flash of light

Question 34

What actions can assist night vision?

Answer 34

``` Avoiding bright lights Scan slower Look off centre Lower instrument lights Close one eye Wear sunnies during the day ```

Question 35

What are threats?

Answer 35

Events or errors that: - occur outside the influence of the crew -increase the operational complexity of the flight -require crew attention and management if safety margins are to be maintained E.g. Weather, other traffic, runway length, density altitude, high terrain, condition of aircraft

Question 36

What are errors?

Answer 36

Lead to deviation from crew or organisational intentions or expectations Reduce safety margins Increase probability of adverse operational events on ground and in flight (Handling, procedural or communication)

Question 37

What are the priorities of survival?

Answer 37

Protection Location Water Food