Human Development, Diversity and Behavior Flashcards
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
According to Freud, what are the three levels of consciousness? Describe them.
Conscious: Mental activities of which we are fully aware Preconscious: feelings thoughts and ideas of which we are not fully aware but can bring to awareness fairly easily
Unconscious: feelings, thoughts, memories and desires of which we are unaware.
What does psychoanalytic treatment focus on?
Bringing the repressed thoughts/experiences into consciousness, helping the patient become aware of the origin, assisting client in verbally reliving the original situation, helping the client work through the problem in a constructive way.
What are two of Freud’s methods for psychoanalysis?
- free association
- dream interpretation
According to Freud, what are the two motivating instincts?
Life Instinct (constructive, altruistic and loving acts) Death instinct (destructive, hateful and aggressive acts)
What are the three components of personality according to Freud?
id, ego and superego
Describe the “id”
Only part of personality present at birth. Unconscious and inherited. Newborn seen as “id” only and has only a desire to satisfy it’s needs for sustenance.
Describe the Ego
Develops from the id. Development is intertwined with psychosexual development of the child. Ego gives a person the power to go beyond holding an image of the need gratifying object and actually getting needs met. Ego has defenses designed to keep anxiety at a manageable level.
Describe the Superego
Arises out of the ego. Capacity to develop an internal value system and feel good when they live in harmony with these values and bad when they do not. Development arises out of the psychosexual development. Eventually takes over position of parents.
What is Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?
Pathology occurs when there is a failure to negotiate one of the psychosexual stages. Under gratification or over gratification can lead to fixation.
Explain Stage One of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development.
Oral Stage
- Birth to age 1
- Focus on sucking because of infant’s need to take in nourishment and breathe
- Infant uses mouth as means of investigating the world
- this stage represents the child’s initial ability to distinguish between self and others
Explain Stage 2 of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
Anal Stage
- 2 to 3 years of age
- much attention is focused on teaching the child to control bowel and urinary functions
Describe Stage Three of Freud’s psychosexual development.
Phallic Stage
- 3 to 6 years of age
- child begins to associate pleasure derived from self stimulation with a love object
- oedipus and electra complexes can occur if this stage is not resolved
- superego develops out of the ego in the process of the child repressing sexual feelings for the opposite sex parent and identifying with the same sex parent
Describe Stage 4 of Freud’s stages of psychosocial development.
Latency Period
- Ages 6 to 11
- defensive rejection of sex
- sexual feelings are kept at bay by the child focusing on work and play with children of the same sex
Describe Stage 5 of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development.
Genital Stage
- ages 12 and up
- stage is initiated by the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
- child’s focus turns to members of the opposite sex in normal development
- intercourse with a member of the opposite sex becomes the primary erotic activity
Alfred Adler
Individual Psychology
Adler states that humans have a basic drive towards __________.
Self Actualization
Adler states that _________ of a child has a significant impact on personality.
Birth Order
John B Watson
Behaviorism
What was Watson’s famous experiment?
“Little Albert”
Watson conditioned a child using behavioral techniques to fear a white rat and then generalized the fear to a white rabbit. Conclusion was that the child had no fear of either until he was conditioned and therefore, parents could shape the behavior of their children through conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
Classical or Respondent Conditioning
What is the difference between an unconditioned response and conditioned response?
Unconditioned is an innate response (ie. a dog salivating over food) and conditioned is learned (ie. a dog salivating over a bell being rung)
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Development
What is stage one of Piaget’s cognitive development?
Sensorimotor: Birth through 2 year: Precursor to intelligence. By two years toddlers can purposely combine their actions.
What is stage two of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Preoperational: Age 2 to 7: Children master independently acquired skills. Children are able to form mental representation of objects and imagine actions related to them.
What is stage three of Piagets stages of development?
Concrete Operations: Age 7 to 11: Children are capable of logical thinking.
What is stage four of Piaget’s theory of development?
Formal Operations: Age 11 and up: Children can reason abstractly - may not ever reach this stage.
Leo Vigotsky
Child Development - Believes that children learn best in in supportive environments where they can identify what needs to be done rather than having someone tell them.
Kurt Lewin
Social Psychology
What is Lewin’s Equation for Behavior?
Acknowledges that both nature and nurture interact in the shaping of individuals.
Anna Freud
Defense Mechanisms
Compensation (defense mechanism)
seeking success in one area of life as a substitute for success in another area of life that has been limited because of barriers.
Conversion (defense mechanism)
transformation of anxiety into a physical dysfunction, such as paralysis or blindness, which does not have a psychological basis
Denial (defense mechanism)
refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality, including one’s experience
Displacement (defense mechanism)
shifting of negative feelings one has about a person or situation to another person or situation
Identification (defense mechanism)
mechanism by which anxiety is handled through identifying with the person or thing producing the anxiety (ie. a kidnapper)
Isolation of Affect (defense mechanism)
painful feelings are separated from the incident that triggered them initially
Intellectualization (defense mechanism)
reasoning is used to block difficult feelings
Projection (defense mechanism)
ones own negative characteristics are denied and instead seen as being characteristics of someone else
rationalization (defense mechanism)
mechanism by which a person substitutes a more socially acceptable logical reason for action rather than identifying the real motivation
Reaction Formation (defense mechanism)
adopting a behavior that is the antithesis of the instinctual urge (ie. bigot closeted gay politicians)
regression (defense mechanism)
reverting to more primitive modes of coping associated with earlier and safer developmental periods
repression (defense mechanism)
unconscious pushing of anxiety producing thoughts and issues out of the conscious and into the unconscious
sublimation (defense mechanism)
intolerable drives are diverted to more acceptable activities
Substitution (defense mechanism)
person replaces an unacceptable goal with an acceptable one
Undoing (defense mechanism)
individual engages in repetitious ritual in an attempt to reverse an unacceptable action previously taken
Acting out (defense mechanism)
deal with emotional conflict or stress by exhibiting an observable behavior rather than feeling or reflecting
Affiliation (defense mechanism)
individual shares with others his or her emotional conflict or stress for the purpose of eliciting support rather than for the purpose of trying to place responsibility on someone else
aim inhibition (defense mechanism)
individual accepts modified fulfillment of goals or desires
Altruism (defense mechanism)
deals with emotional conflict or stress by dedicating his or her life to meeting the needs of others and thereby receiving vicarious gratification
anticipation (defense mechanism)
individual deals with anxiety by “practicing” his or her emotional responses or solutions
fantasy (defense mechanism)
daydreaming excessively as a substitute for real action
avoidance (defense mechanism)
refusal to participate in activities or encounter situations that represent unconscious, aggressive or sexual impulses and possible punishment for those impulses.
devaluation (defense mechanism)
individual deals with emotional conflict by attributing negative qualities to him or herself or others
Help Rejecting Complaining (defense mechanism)
mechanism by which an individual deals with emotional conflict by asking for help and then rejecting the help that is given
Identification (defense mechanism)
unconscious and conscious modelling of another person’s behavior or style
introjection (defense mechanism)
unconsciously incorporating ideas, attributes or mental images into ones own personality
Isolation (defense mechanism)
individual who is able to split off emotional components from thoughts and experiences (ie. flight attendant remains calm during crisis and then breaks down afterwards). Common in OCD.
Omnipotence (defense mechanism)
dealing with emotional stress by feeling or acting in a superior manner
somatization (defense mechanism)
individual experiences physical symptoms
suppression (defense mechanism)
conscious intentional exclusion of something from your consciousness
symbolization (defense mechanism)
turning conflicts into symbols can be viewed as displacements of deeper desires. ie. interpreting a dream as a symbol of deeper feeling or desire
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- love and belonging
- esteem needs
- self actualization
What percent of the population ever reaches self actualization?
1-2%
Rene Spitz
Attachement
What is anaclitic depression?
Also known as hospitalism, depression in a child that occurs when they have had a stable caring caretaker and then suddenly don’t.
Erik Erikson
Ego Psychology
What is the main difference between Erikson’s beliefs and Freuds?
Erikson believed that ego development continues into adulthood.
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at birth through 1?
Trust v. Mistrust
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 2 to 3?
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 3 to 5?
Initiative v. Guilt
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 6 through 11?
Industry v. inferiority
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 12 through 18?
Identity v. identity diffusion/confusion
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 19 through 30s?
Intimacy v. isolation
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 30s through 50s?
Generativity v stagnation
What is the stage of Erikson’s psychosocial stages that occurs at age 60s and up?
Integrity v. despair
Margaret Mahler
Separation Individuation Process
Malher’s work is based on what concept?
Object relations, process by which the infant struggles to differentiate between self and non-self.
What are the three stages of Mahler’s developmental theory?
Stage 1: Normal Autism ( birth through 1 month) - later abandoned
Stage 2: Symbiosis or Normal Symbiotic (1 to 4 months)
Stage 3: Separation Individuation (1 to 4 months through 36 months)
What are the 4 stages of Separation Individuation?
- hatching (4 to 8 months)
- practicing (8 to 15 months)
- rapprochement (15 to 24 months)
- achievement of individuality (24 to 36 months)
Skinner
Operant Conditioning
Kohlberg
Moral Development
Bowlby
Attachment Theory
When do babies typically exhibit stranger anxiety?
8 months
What does Bowlby think are the four distinguishing characteristics of attachment?
- proximity maintenance
- safe haven
- secure base
- separation distress
What are the four factors of the Person in Environment (PIE) system?
Factor I: social functioning
Factor II: environmental problems
Factor III: mental health problems
Factor IV: physical health problems
