Human development and diversity Flashcards

Question

What is SDG 10?

Answer 1

SDG: - Reduce inequality within and among countries. Target(s): - Ensure that people do not face discrimination. - Allow the safe movement of people and ensure that those who emigrate benefit from laws to protect them. Present status: - In 2015 income inequality increased by 11% in low-income countries.

Answer 2

SDG: - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Target(s): - Ensure everyone has access to safe, quality housing and transportation. - Protect natural heritage and culture. - Ensure communities manage their resources, monitor waste and air quality and tackle climate change. Present status: - Almost a third of urban dwellers live in slums.

Answer 3

SDG: - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Target(s): - Halve the amount of food waste and reduce, reuse and recycle resources. - Promote sustainable lifestyles. Present status: - Every year over 1.3 million tonnes of food are wasted.

Answer 4

SDG: - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Target(s): - Ensure people are adequately prepared for natural hazards. - Ensure governments tackle climate change and provide resources to combat it. Present status: - Almost 3% of the world’s population are affected by natural disasters every year.

Answer 5

SDG: - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Target(s): - By 2025 reduce marine pollution. - Prohibit overfishing and reduce the impact of ocean acidification. Present status: - Forty percent of the oceans are heavily affected by human activities.

Answer 6

SDG: - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Target(s): - Conserve ecosystems by respecting international agreements. - Prevent the extinction of species. Present status: - Every year 13 million hectares of forest is destroyed.

Answer 7

SDG: - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Target(s): - End world violence and combat crime and corruption. - Ensure all children have an identity and a birth certificate. End all forms of child abuse, exploitation and trafficking. Present status: - It is estimated that 25% of births in low-income countries are not registered.

Answer 8

SDG: - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development. Target(s): - Countries should decide which goals are most important to them and the global goals should form part of the national plan. - Help all countries meet these global goals by 2030. Developed countries should support less developed countries in achieving their goals, e.g. through multilateral funding. Present status: - In 2015, Official Development Assistance was US$131 billion.

Answer 9

Many SDGs interlink and if one is not achieved it makes achieving another almost impossible.

Answer 10

Two important SDGs are Goal 4 and Goal 13 because if these goals are met other goals will also be achieved.

Answer 11

Ensuring quality education is considered one of the most important SDGs and meeting the goals will help to achieve the other 16 goals. For example, education helps people to break out of the poverty cycle and leads to better-paid jobs, reducing inequality. People learn about disease prevention and healthy living, which increases life expectancy. According to UN data, 57 million children are not enrolled at primary school and most of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa. Women and girls have less access to education, resulting in fewer job opportunities and on average lower-paid work for women.

Answer 12

Goal 4 focuses on the provision of education facilities, increasing the number of trained teachers and number of scholarships provided for students in LICs. It recognises the importance of education for sustainable lifestyles. It also ensures that education is accessed by all, including indigenous people and those with disabilities or who are living in a vulnerable situation.

Answer 13

Climate change is an important SDG. Although there are 17 SDG's, 12 of them can only be achieved if action is taken to reduce climate change. Climate change already has an impact on every country. In the future we can expect the effects to be even greater. Climate change has led to coastal inundation, changes to weather patterns and more extreme weather events. If no action is taken to tackle climate change, it is expected that by the end of this century average global temperatures will increase by over 3°C. Greenhouse gas emissions affect every country, regardless of where they originate. Due to their global nature, an international response is needed to tackle the problem. The COP21 agreement in Paris resulted in many countries agreeing to limit global temperature increase to less than 2°C. COP21 was adopted on 12 December 2015 and came into force on 4 November 2016. Some 146 parties have ratified the convention, which together produce 55% of total greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris agreement ensures that countries will continuously update their commitment to tackling climate change in order to meet the 2030 SDGs.

Answer 14

With 17 Global Goals and 169 targets, measuring progress seems much more complicated than tracking the progress of the eight MDGs. In 2016, 230 indicators were selected to measure progress. These are a combination of economic, social and environmental indicators.

Answer 15

The SDGs were only established in 2015 and measures of tracking them were only drafted in 2016. So there is presently very little information available on progress.

Answer 16

Because a range of physical, economic, social and psychological factors comprise our quality of life. Many people consider income to be most important factor but education, health, climate, happiness, job security, access to food and water all impact on our quality of life.

Answer 17

Some indicators of development are relatively easy to measure (e.g. income) whereas others, such as happiness, are much more subjective. These subjective factors may vary from one day to the next and from person to person even when they are living in similar situations.

Answer 18

Social indicators reveal how a country invests in the quality of life of its people.

Answer 19

- Infant mortality rate: the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a country. This is considered to be an important measure as it is affected by the people's knowledge of health, availability of resources and health technology. - Child mortality rate: the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births in a country. - Life expectancy: the average number of years a person born today can expect to live. - Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE): the number of years a person is expected to live in full health. - Daily calorie intake: the amount of energy a person consumes in a 24-hour period. - Adult literacy rate: the percentage of the adults in a country with basic reading and writing skills. - Percentage of children enroled in schools (including primary, secondary and tertiary education). - Average number of years in full-time education. - Access to safe water: this measures the percentage of the population that can access adequate safe drinking water within a convenient distance of their home.

Answer 20

Countries with the highest infant mortality rates are located in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, such as Angola and the Central Africa Republic. In 2015, these countries had infant mortality rates of approximately 100 per 1000 live births. Countries with the lowest infant mortality rates are mainly in North America and Europe. Canada and Germany have infant mortality rates of less than 5 per 1000 live births. There is a negative correlation between income and infant mortality: the higher the income the lower the infant mortality. One anomaly is Chile, a middle-income country (MIC) that has one of the lowest infant mortality rates, less than 5 per 1000 live births.

Answer 21

Adult literacy rate is another key indicator as access to education impacts on many other indicators of development. For example, education often leads to greater gross national income (GNI). Female literacy is considered to be particularly important as there is a close correlation between female literacy and infant and child mortality rates.

Answer 22

Many social indicators rely on the accurate collection of statistics and civil registration. Some countries may see an increase in infant mortality as they start to develop due to the fact that infant deaths are registered for the first time. It may even be difficult to make comparisons between wealthy countries. For example, Canada has high infant mortality rate compared to other high-income countries (HICs) due to the fact that it has a different definition of what constitutes a live birth. Some indicators may be unreliable; for example, daily calorie intake. This does not take into account the type of food that is being eaten and some people may have a high calorie intake yet be malnourished. For example, a person may consume enough calories by eating five bowls of rice a day, but the rice does not provide them with a balanced diet so they may be malnourished. Similarly, the amount of calories required varies between individuals. Manual workers, for example, require more calories than office workers. Finally, too many calories may lead to obesity and will impact on other indicators such as life expectancy. Although life expectancy is regularly used as an indicator of health it does not take into account the time spent living in ill health. One indicator that attempts to tackle this problem is the health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE). Life expectancy often varies greatly within countries and it is useful to study age-specific mortality rates.

Answer 23

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of development.

Answer 24

This means that it covers different components of development. The HDI measures the development of a country in social and economic terms. The statistical measurement is based on three components: health, education and wealth.

Answer 25

The scores for the three are combined and converted into an index with a maximum value of 1.0. The closer to 1.0, the higher the level of human development of the country.

Answer 26

Countries with the highest HDI values are located in North America and Europe and that the countries with the lowest HDIs are located in South Asia and Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. The country with the highest HDI (0.944) is Norway and that with the lowest HDI (0.348) is Niger. Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia are anomalies: Afghanistan has a lower score (0.465) than surrounding countries due to conflict, and Saudi Arabia has a higher score (0.837) than surrounding countries due to the wealth it generates from oil. Australia and New Zealand are the only countries in the southern hemisphere with a HDI greater than 0.9. Australia scores highly in all three categories and benefits from mineral wealth that is shared among a relatively small population.

Answer 27

1: Norway - HDI: 0.944 - Life expectancy: 81.6 - Expected years of schooling: 17.5 - Mean years of schooling: 12.6 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 64,992 2: Australia - HDI: 0.935 - Life expectancy: 82.4 - Expected years of schooling: 20.2 - Mean years of schooling: 13.0 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 42,261 3: Switzerland - HDI: 0.930 - Life expectancy: 83.0 - Expected years of schooling: 15.8 - Mean years of schooling: 12.8 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 56,431 4: Denmark - HDI: 0.923 - Life expectancy: 80.2 - Expected years of schooling: 18.7 - Mean years of schooling: 12.7 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 44, 025 5: Netherlands - HDI: 0.992 - Life expectancy: 81.6 - Expected years of schooling: 17.9 - Mean years of schooling: 11.9 - GNI PPP per capita: 45,435

Answer 28

Norway ranks number one for HDI with a score of 0.944. It ranks highly on all three indicators with a life expectancy of 81.6 years, 17.5 years of expected schooling, 12.6 years of mean schooling and a high GNI PPP per capita of $64,992. Norway has held the top position for the last 12 years. Norway’s position is perhaps not surprising, being the second wealthiest country in the world. Norway's wealth is mainly attributed to oil; it is the fifth largest exporter of oil in the world. Due to the country's wealth it can afford to invest in providing good services for its citizens. The government invests heavily in the health care system and health is free for all, after a small initial charge. Another factor contributing to longevity is the quality of the environment: air pollution in Norway is almost the lowest in Europe. Similarly, education is free for all, including tuition for university-level students. Norway’s egalitarian values have also resulted in only a small gap between rich and poor.

Answer 29

Niger is bottom of the list with an HDI of 0.348. Life expectancy is low at only 61.4 years, 5.4 years of expected schooling, 1.5 years of mean schooling and a low GNI PPP per capita of only $908. Niger is one of the poorest countries with two thirds of the population living below the poverty line. The government has little money to invest in the education or the health of its citizens. Literacy rates are low and it is traditional for girls to stay at home rather than attend primary school. Medical care is poor and clinics lack basic equipment and medicine. Many people suffer from infectious and parasitic diseases. Malaria is responsible for 20% of deaths in children under 5 years. Women often choose not to seek medical help and it is common for people visit local healers who rely on natural remedies and rituals. Niger has frequent droughts, resulting in crop failure and food shortages. Malnutrition is common, resulting in stunted growth for over half of the children.

Answer 30

- The HDI considers three indicators rather than just one, making it a relatively more reliable measure of development. Qatar is a good example of why this is important. Qatar has one of the highest GNIs, at $123,124, but a relatively low mean number of years in schooling at only 9.1 years, giving Qatar an overall HDI of 0.85 and a rank of 32. - The HDI tends to be used widely and reveals global patterns in development. The fact that it has been calculated since 1990 allows for a country’s development to be tracked over time. It does not rely solely on economic indicators to measure development but takes into consideration social indicators such as education. Education and health are considered to be key indicators of development and often lead to an improvement in other areas such as GNI.

Answer 31

- One can still question the reliability and validity of the data collected. Average data are still used. This may hide extremes and does not show disparities within a country. A country may have developed urban areas but undeveloped rural areas, or there may be city-rich and city-poor areas. Some countries have a distinctive split between developed and undeveloped areas. For example, Italy has a richer north but the Mezzogiorno region in the south is relatively poor. - Although access to education is included in HDI it does not mean there is equal access. Certain groups may have much better access to education than others. The HDI does not take into account any environmental indicators. Environmental factors are an increasingly important aspect of development, as seen in the SDGs. Human rights, gender disparities and corruption are also not considered.

Answer 32

Gender inequality

Answer 33

In most countries girls and women face discrimination in access to education, the job market, health services, levels of income and political representation.

Answer 34

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) has been included in the UN Development Report since 2010 and issues of gender appear to be receiving increasing media attention.

Answer 35

They are both a composed measure.

Answer 36

- female reproductive health - female empowerment - labour market partcipation

Answer 37

Maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates. Maternal mortality is a measure of the number of deaths due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births. Adolescent birth rates are the number of births to 15–19-year-olds per 1000 women aged 15–19.

Answer 38

Measured by the share of parliamentary seats occupied by females and also the percentage of females compared to males aged over 25 years with some secondary education.

Answer 39

Measured by the percentage of females and males (aged 15 years and older) in the labour market.

Answer 40

184: Burundi - HDI: 0.400 - Life expectancy: 56.7 - Expected years of schooling: 10.1 - Mean years of schooling: 10.6 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 758 185: Chad - HDI: 0.392 - Life expectancy: 51.6 - Expected years of schooling: 7.4 - Mean years of schooling: 11.9 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 2085 186: Eritrea - HDI: 0.391 - Life expectancy: 63.7 - Expected years of schooling: 4.1 - Mean years of schooling: 12.5 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 1130 187: Central African Republic - HDI: 0.350 - Life expectancy: 50.7 - Expected years of schooling: 7.2 - Mean years of schooling: 11.7 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 581 188: Niger - HDI: 0.348 - Life expectancy: 61.4 - Expected years of schooling: 5.4 - Mean years of schooling: 11.5 - GNI PPP per capita (USD): 908

Answer 41

1. Slovenia: - GII: 0.016 - MMR: 7 - ABR: 0.6 - Women in government seats (%): 27.7 - Female education: 95.8 - Male education: 98.0 - Female labour force (%): 52.3 - Male labour force (%): 63.2 2. Switzerland: - GII: 0.028 - MMR: 6 - ABR: 1.9 - Women in government seats (%): 28.5 - Female education: 95.0 - Male education: 96.6 - Female labour force (%): 61.8 - Male labour force (%): 74.9 3. Germany: - GII: 0.041 - MMR: 7 - ABR: 3.8 - Women in government seats (%): 36.9 - Female education: 96.3 - Male education: 9.6 - Female labour force (%): 53.6 - Male labour force (%): 66.4 4. Denmark: - GII: 0.048 - MMR: 5 - ABR: 5.1 - Women in government seats (%): 38.0 - Female education: 95.5 - Male education: 96.6 - Female labour force (%): 58.7 - Male labour force (%): 66.4 5. Austria: - GII: 0.053 - MMR: 4 - ABR: 6.5 - Women in government seats (%): 30.3 - Female education: 100.0 - Male education: 100.0 - Female labour force (%): 54.6 - Male labour force (%): 67.7

Answer 42

151. Côte d'Ivoire: - GII: 0.679 - MMR: 720 - ABR: 130.3 - Women in government seats (%): 9.2 - Female education: 14.0 - Male education: 30.1 - Female labour force (%): 52.4 - Male labour force (%): 81.4 152. Afghanistan: - GII: 0.693 - MMR: 400 - ABR: 86.8 - Women in government seats (%): 27.6 - Female education: 5.9 - Male education: 29.8 - Female labour force (%): 15.8 - Male labour force (%): 79.5 153. Chad: - GII: 0.706 - MMR: 980 - ABR: 152.0 - Women in government seats (%): 14.9 - Female education: 1.7 - Male education: 9.9 - Female labour force (%): 64.0 - Male labour force (%): 79.2 154. Niger: - GII: 0.713 - MMR: 630 - ABR: 204.8 - Women in government seats (%): 13.3 - Female education: 2.4 - Male education: 7.8 - Female labour force (%): 40.0 - Male labour force (%): 89.7 155. Yemen: - GII: 0.744 - MMR: 270 - ABR: 47.0 - Women in government seats (%): 0.7 - Female education: 8.6 - Male education: 26.7 - Female labour force (%): 25.4 - Male labour force (%): 72.2

Answer 43

Slovenia, with the lowest score of 0.016.

Answer 44

Yemen with the highest score of 0.744.

Answer 45

Slovenia gained independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. It has a population of just under 2 million people and a relatively low income compared to other European Union countries of only US$14,800 per capita. Women earn a similar income to men with only a 3% gender pay gap. This is the lowest figure in the EU. Slovenia is also one of the most equal countries in terms of income distribution. More females than males go on to tertiary education and there are many females in professional occupations. Slovenia ranks high in terms of HDI, with a score of 0.880 putting it in 25th place globally. Slovenia also experiences very low rates of violence against women. Some consider Slovenia’s position in terms of gender equality to be partially due to the Women’s Movement which has been active in the country since the mid-nineteenth century, and also due to its Communist past. Prior to independence, Slovenia was a Communist country and the role of women was promoted, giving women equal rights to work and a generous allowance for child care. When Slovenia transferred from Communism to democracy the gender equality policies remained and today they have been developed further. However, despite being the most equal country in terms in gender there are some improvements to be made in Slovenia. Fewer than 20% of government ministers are female and unemployment rates are higher for women than men.

Answer 46

Yemen is located in the Middle East and is one of the world’s poorest countries, with a GNI per capita (PPP) of only $3519. It has a desert climate with a population of around 26 million people. Yemen scores particularly poorly in the political empowerment component of GII: females have only 0.7% of seats in parliament. The mean number of years in schooling for women is only 1.3, although males only attend for 3.8 years. Yemen ranks 160 on the HDI with a score of 0.498. Yemen’s main religion is Islam and in Yemen, there are strict rules regarding the roles of men and females in society. Males are viewed as the financial providers whereas females tend to stay at home in domestic roles. Just 29% of females are literate compared to 70% of males.

Answer 47

The GII considers three indicators of gender inequality, making it more reliable than a single indicator. It is a method of identifying and measuring a country’s gender inequality and has been used successfully to contrast gender inequality between countries. It enables governments to focus their efforts and target policies towards reducing gender inequality.

Answer 48

- The GII measures empowerment by calculating the percentage of parliamentary seats occupied by females; however, it does not consider participation in local government or other public walks of life. - Information about the type of employment carried out by males and females is not included. Certain jobs tend to be dominated by men. In the USA 99% of construction workers are male while 99% of secretaries are female. The inequality that exists between the number of males and females at Chief Executive Officer (CEO) level is well documented but again this is not considered. Unpaid work is also not considered and in many countries females still carry out the majority of housework and child care. - Ownership of assets and violence against women are not included in the GII. Their inclusion could potentially give a better view of gender inequality.

Answer 49

The Gross National Happiness Index

Answer 50

- GDP (PPP) per capita - healthy life expectancy (how many years a person might live in a healthy state) - people's willingness to donate to charity - freedom to make life choices - perception of corruption - available social support - laughter and feelings of worry and sadness

Answer 51

1. Denmark 2. Switzerland 3. Iceland 4. Norway

Answer 52

1. Burundi 2. Syria 3. Tongo 4. Afghanistan

Answer 53

Bhutan has measured its success based on citizens happiness levels rather than economic indicators such as GDP.

Answer 54

Gross National Happiness (GNH) considers the spiritual, physical, social and environmental health of both its citizens and the natural environment.

Answer 55

- Development indicators are important as they allow a country’s progress to be measured and tracked. - They allow governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to make the correct decisions about where to target money and development projects.

Answer 56

- In some countries the data collected is incomplete, inaccurate and unreliable due to a variety of reasons. In the UK’s 1991 census a significant undercount of approximately 1 million people occurred. Many declined to participate in order to avoid registration for a newly introduced tax. - Poor countries often struggle to find funds to carry out accurate surveys and questions may be asked and interpreted in different ways. - Some countries manipulate or falsify data in order to receive aid; otherwise they may choose not to release their data. - Indicators are always out of date because it takes time to collect, collate, process and publish the data. - Most indicators focus on only one aspect of development and single indicators may not be a very reliable measure of development at all. For example, a country with a high GNI may have a very low level of education for females.

Answer 57

A positive correlation

Answer 58

For most countries, using life expectancy or income would be quite a good measure of a country’s development. However, the graph shows some outliers, including Lesotho, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and Botswana. Botswana has an income (per capita) of US$17,200 and a life expectancy of 58.7 years. Most countries with that level of income would have a life expectancy of approximately 75 years. If life expectancy were used as a sole indicator of development for these countries, one would expect the country to be less developed and have a lower income than it actually does. All three countries have many people suffering from HIV/AIDS and due to this the average life expectancy is considerably lower than in other countries with similar incomes.

Answer 59

High population growth tends to occur in countries where few girls attend primary school.

Answer 60

Even in HICs men tend to have more opportunities than women. They are better educated and earn higher incomes.

Answer 61

62 million girls

Answer 62

15 million girls, this is equivalent to one marriage every 2 seconds.

Answer 63

Only 50% of women of working age were employed.

Answer 64

77% of men of working age were employed.

Answer 65

In the UK a women earns £300,000 (US$360,000) less in her lifetime than a man.

Answer 66

To give someone the power or authority to do something. In some societies women have very few rights compared to men. They are often restricted and regarded as second class citizens. Empowering women is providing them with the opportunity to embrace and make the most of their potential.

Answer 67

SDG Goal 5.

Answer 68

Laws often discriminate against women and are a major factor resulting in gender inequality.

Answer 69

Girls who marry at a young age spend less time in education and if they enter the workplace tend to get low-paid and unskilled jobs. Many have children at a young age, jeopardising their health, and then take on the role of motherhood. They become dependent on their husband for income. This is a vicious circle that can be broken by setting a minimum age for marriage.

Answer 70

Iran has the lowest age at 9 years old.

Answer 71

China has the highest age, for 22 years for men and 20 years for women,

Answer 72

Spain only increased from 14 to 16 in 2015.

Answer 73

In many countries the legal age for marriage is not enforced.

Answer 74

In Nigeria, for example, the minimum age for marriage is 18 but in the predominantly Muslim north of the country more than 50% of girls are married by the age of 15. In Saudi Arabia there is no minimum age for a girl to be married. In 2010 the Saudi Human Rights Commission was involved in a case of a 12-year-old girl who was asking to be divorced from her 80-year-old husband.

Answer 75

Over 50% of girls in Malawi marry before the age of 18.

Answer 76

Malawi has the eighth highest rate of child marriage in the world.

Answer 77

In rural areas poor families often allow their daughters to be married in return for a kupimbira or dowry. A dowry is a gift, given by the husband to the bride's parents on his marriage to their daughter. A family may select a rich man for their daughter to improve both their economic situation and their status within the community.

Answer 78

Girls’ births are often not registered and therefore many lack identification documents confirming their age.

Answer 79

Girls often drop out of school due to early marriage.

Answer 80

Between 2010 and 2013 over 31,000 girls in Malawi left school for this reason.

Answer 81

51,000 girls between 2010 and 2013 dropped out due to pregnancy.

Answer 82

Early pregnancy is one consequence of child marriage and the number of girls giving birth at a young age is increasing.

Answer 83

Childbirth at an early age often leads to complications and health problems for both the mother and child.

Answer 84

Maternal mortality is another indicator of a country's level of development.

Answer 85

In Malawi maternal mortality rates are high, at 675 out of every 100,000 live births.

Answer 86

In Malawi poverty, lack of education, the prevailing culture and teenage pregnancy all interlink to contribute to the high number of child marriages.

Answer 87

Often girls forced into marriage at a young age experience physical abuse at the hands of their husbands.

Answer 88

Girls reporting cases to the police are frequently sent home as there is a lack of funding available to deal with such issues.

Answer 89

Child marriage is also a result of the government’s failure to address the rights of women and girls, and a failure to empower them. Until recently there was no enforced government legislation designed to protect girls and allow them to break out of this vicious cycle.

Answer 90

On February 14t, 2017, Malawi parliament banned child marriage. It raised the legal age of marriage for girls from 15 to 18.

Answer 91

The campaign to stop child marriage began in 2011, led by an organisation called Let Girls Lead.

Answer 92

This organisation encouraged girls to fight for their own rights and trained 200 of them to campaign for later marriage. Village chiefs were lobbied and asked to change local laws so that any man marrying before the age of 21 would be required to relinquish his land and pay a penalty of seven goats. Parents who married their daughters off at a young age would be required to undertake cleaning work in local clinics as a penalty.

Answer 93

The Girls Empowerment Network (Genet) is another non-governmental organisation concerned with improving the rights and status of women in Malawi. Genet removes girls from child marriage and gets them back in to school. It also provides legal assistance to help prosecute those responsible for child marriage.

Answer 94

Preventing child marriages should mean that girls are able to stay in education. They should be able to get a job, become independent and break out of the cycle of poverty.

Answer 95

There are approximately 370 million indigenous people spread over 70 countries.

Answer 96

Indigenous people make up about 5% of the global population.

Answer 97

Indigenous people make up about 15% of the poor global population.

Answer 98

Indigenous groups often lack access to basic services.

Answer 99

People that live in (or are attached to) traditional or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as a distinct cultural group. Their ancestors lived in these places before modern states were established. They tend to separate from the mainstream society or culture (to some extent).

Answer 100

A non-governmental organisation

Answer 101

78 countries.

Answer 102

It works with forest communities to help indigenous people prevent deforestation carried out by transnational corporations. It aims to encourage sustainable development and considers the environment, economics and social rights of farming and forest communities.

Answer 103

Work carried out by the Rainforest Alliance has links to most of the SDGs.

Answer 104

Madre de Dios.

Answer 105

Andean Amazon, Peru.

Answer 106

The region is under threat from illegal logging, gold mining and unsustainable farming practices.

Answer 107

The Rainforest Alliance has helped develop forest-friendly community projects in the area and has provided training to indigenous forest communities, enabling them to increase the value of raw materials.

Answer 108

The community previously harvested and sold unprocessed Brazil nuts. Nuts sold in this condition are of a lower commercial value than those that are processed. Through the Rainforest Alliance initiative the community is now able to shell and process nuts to produce Brazil nut oil and candied nuts. In this way the people of Madre de Dios are sustainably managing the forest and adding value to their primary products through processing.

Answer 109

In 2016 the community exported 4000 tons of shelled Brazil nuts at a value of over US$30 million.

Answer 110

Similar projects in the area include funding to purchase sawmills and the establishment of furniture workshops that allow the community to make furniture, thereby adding value to the timber.

Answer 111

These projects have led to an increase in the community’s income. They now realise the need to protect against the threats of illegal logging and mining. Recently the community, with help from the authorities, has successfully prevented illegal logging operations in the region. The livelihood and income of the Madre de Dios community have improved and they now understand the value of managing their forest sustainably.

Answer 112

Nepal is located in Southern Asia, situated in the Himalayas between China and India

Answer 113

Although much of the landscape is mountainous, the country has a variety of biomes, including tropical savannah and alpine shrub and meadow.

Answer 114

The physical environment hinders the country’s development.

Answer 115

- Date: April 25, 2015 - Magnitude: 7.8 - Location: Near Kathmandu, Nepal - Population Affected: Over 8 million (approximately 28.4 million total population) - Casualties: Approximately 9,000 dead, 19,000 injured

Answer 116

- Country Status: Low-Income Country (LIC) - GNI per Capita: US$2,500 - Agricultural Workforce: 76% of the population engaged in agriculture

Answer 117

- Initiation: January 2003 by IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) and the Nepalese government. - Goal: Improve livelihoods for over half a million marginalized individuals. - Budget: US$32 billion, primarily funded by IFAD. - Focus Areas: Infrastructure, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities

Answer 118

- Agricultural Projects: Investment in livestock production and goat-rearing techniques. Infrastructure Improvements: - 333 projects completed (e.g., drinking-water and irrigation). - Electricity provided to 3,937 households. Vocational Training: - 14% of budget on non-agricultural income-generating activities. - Over 888 individuals trained in various skills

Answer 119

- Improved access to drinking water reduced collection time for women. - Increased crop production led to higher incomes and better nutrition. - Formation of cooperatives for business development

Answer 120

- Underestimation of time required to empower illiterate populations. - Gender-specific training limited women's integration into broader programs

Answer 121

- Issue: People living in poverty lack investment capacity, leading to low incomes and inability to save or afford education. - Consequence: Children receive poor education, resulting in low-paid jobs and perpetuating the cycle of poverty.

Answer 122

The provision of small loans to help poor people to start their own business. The loans are often provided with relatively favourable/low interest rates. They are sometimes referred to as microloans or micro lending.

Answer 123

Includes microcredit and the provision of financial services, such as savings accounts.

Answer 124

Empower individuals to start businesses, improve incomes, and break the poverty cycle.

Answer 125

Climate change affects low-income countries (LICs) through extreme weather.

Answer 126

Provides access to insurance, helping families recover from crop failures or livestock loss due to climate events.

Answer 127

Mobile-money system used by over 17 million Kenyans, facilitating microfinance repayments and money transfers.

Answer 128

Increased incomes by 5–30% for rural families; enabled small business setups.

Answer 129

In India over 37 million poor families now possess insurance through Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY).

Answer 130

Annual fee of 30 rupees (US$0.5) covers up to 30,000 rupees (US$500) in claims per year.

Answer 131

The program is Kudumbashree Mission empowers women with microloans and training.

Answer 132

Over 99% loan repayment; significant impact on women's social and economic status.

Answer 133

- High-interest rates and pressure on women borrowers who often act as agents for their husbands. - Reports of suicides among borrowers unable to repay loans highlight the risks involved.

Answer 134

Oxfam estimates trade is worth 20 times more than aid in reducing poverty. Unfair trade practices can widen the gap between rich and poor, limiting access for poorer countries.

Answer 135

Trade blocs are agreements between countries to promote trade.

Answer 136

Poorer countries may be excluded, restricting their access to global markets and making it hard to compete with large corporations.

Answer 137

Improve trading positions for producers in LICs by ensuring fair prices and safe working conditions.

Answer 138

Over 30,000 Fairtrade products available globally, including coffee, tea, and cotton.

Answer 139

Farmers can negotiate better prices through cooperatives, receive a minimum price, and access Fairtrade Premiums for community development.

Answer 140

Farmers must adhere to environmentally sustainable practices, which can increase production costs.

Answer 141

Certified farmers earn up to 20% more than uncertified farmers; funds used for education and safe drinking water.

Answer 142

Farmers avoid harmful pesticides and genetically modified crops, promoting sustainable farming.

Answer 143

- Fairtrade products often cost more, leading some to view it as a marketing tool rather than genuine support for poor workers. - Supermarkets may benefit more from higher markups than the farmers themselves.

Answer 144

Fight poverty through trade by purchasing products from LICs and supporting the poorest producers.

Answer 145

Focus on skills training and cooperative formation to empower local communities.

Answer 146

A company that aims to fight poverty through trade.

Answer 147

The Horticulture Project in Kenya.

Answer 148

Training for 3,000 workers to negotiate better contracts in Kenya's green bean sector.

Answer 149

Over 73% of Kenyan packers are women working under poor conditions; Traidcraft aims to improve their rights and income.

Answer 150

When producers receive a fair price for selling their goods. It is sometimes referred to as ethical trade because it tries to consider the social, economic and environmental impact of the trade.

Answer 151

LICs often export only a small range of different crops. They become reliant on these primary products. The price obtained for their goods often fluctuates on the world market as favourable weather conditions may lead to a glut, increasing the supply and lowering the price. Secondary products, such as manufactured goods, do not face such volatile market conditions.

Answer 152

A company that manages or owns operations in more than one country.

Answer 153

Companies assess the social, economic and environmental impact of their actions. If necessary, they respond appropriately to minimise the impact and in this way contribute towards sustainable development.

Answer 154

Many TNC headquarters are now located in LICs and emerging markets (e.g., Tata in India, Petrobras in Brazil).

Answer 155

TNCs provide revenue through corporate taxes, invest in infrastructure, create jobs, and offer training to local workforces.

Answer 156

Their presence can enhance a country's prestige and attract additional foreign direct investment.

Answer 157

TNCs are increasingly adopting CSR (corporate social responsibility) policies to mitigate negative impacts on social, economic, and environmental fronts.

Answer 158

- Microsoft provides IT training for youth in Kenya. - Gap runs health and education programs for garment workers in Cambodia and India. - Nestlé focuses on nutrition, water sustainability, and rural development.

Answer 159

- Nestlé reduced its water use by 40% since 2005 and transformed its dairy factory into a zero-water facility. - Despite efforts, Nestlé faced backlash for water extraction practices during drought conditions in California and accusations of creating dependency on bottled water in LICs.

Answer 160

The Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh (April 2013) killed 1,134 people, highlighting poor working conditions.

Answer 161

Led to the Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety to improve safety standards and empower workers.

Answer 162

- TNCs have been criticized for prioritizing profit over worker safety and environmental standards. - Questions arise regarding whether global brands should be responsible for working conditions in fact.

Answer 163

The way of life or characteristics of a group of people.

Answer 164

The different aspects of culture. These include language, beliefs, dress, music, religion and food. People from the same ethnic group tend to share the same cultural traits.

Answer 165

The intermixing of different cultures.

Answer 166

Over 7,000 languages exist.

Answer 167

Mandarin Chinese is the most spoken (1 billion speakers), followed by English (860 million total speakers).

Answer 168

Languages adapt over time; for example, 45% of English words are of French origin.

Answer 169

Patterns of behavior passed down through generations; vary by country (e.g., in Thailand, resting feet on a table is rude).

Answer 170

Important for travelers to avoid offending local populations.

Answer 171

Reflects social status and job type; influenced by climate and religion.

Answer 172

Traditional dress is often worn less frequently due to globalization; examples include dirndl or lederhosen in Bavaria during festivals.

Answer 173

Over 4,300 religions worldwide.

Answer 174

Christianity and Islam are the most dominant.

Answer 175

Religion influences dietary practices (e.g., kosher in Judaism, halal in Islam).

Answer 176

Reinforce national identity; often involve etiquette when played.

Answer 177

Dominated by four TNCs (Universal, Sony, EMI, Warner); cultural hybridity seen in genres like K-Pop.

Answer 178

Many countries have national dishes influenced by cultural practices; globalization spreads diverse cuisines.

Answer 179

Example includes chicken balti in the UK, adapted from Pakistani cuisine.

Answer 180

Vary by culture; the USA leads in tech innovations (e.g., GPS).

Answer 181

Known for rejecting modern technology; limited internet access in some countries like Somalia and Burundi.

Answer 182

Football has nearly 3 billion followers globally; major events attract massive audiences (e.g., 2014 World Cup).

Answer 183

Sports affect spending habits, fashion choices, and community identity.

Answer 184

The spread of cultural traits from one place to another; often occurs through migration.

Answer 185

Regions where significant cultural advances began (e.g., Nile Valley, Mesopotamia).

Answer 186

Major driver of globalization; often leads to 'brain drain' from LICs to HICs. Migrants bring cultural traits to host countries and may return home with new ideas.

Answer 187

Increases cultural interaction but can lead to clashes (e.g., stag party tourism in Krakow).

Answer 188

Important to avoid negative impacts on local traditions.

Answer 189

Almost three quarters of migrants migrate to find work and it is estimated that 150 million people migrated to another country for this reason in 2013. Of these migrants, 55.7% were male compared to 44.3% who were female.

Answer 190

International brands like McDonald's shape food preferences worldwide.

Answer 191

McDonaldization describes how fast food principles influence various sectors.

Answer 192

The practice of promoting the culture of one nation in another.

Answer 193

Can be forced or voluntary; the latter raises questions about the validity of the term when populations choose to adopt foreign cultures.

Answer 194

Cultural imperialism has roots in historical colonization, particularly during the Scramble for Africa (1881-1914), where European powers imposed their culture on colonized nations. Despite gaining independence, many former colonies remain economically reliant on their colonizers, affecting their cultural and political systems.

Answer 195

- English is often imposed as an official language in former colonies; 81 countries classified English as official in 2015. - Global hotel chains (e.g., Hyatt, Hilton) create uniform tourist experiences that dilute local cultures.

Answer 196

Brands like McDonald's and Coca-Cola promote American cultural values globally.

Answer 197

McDonald's operates in 119 countries.

Answer 198

Over 36,000 restaurants.

Answer 199

A major TNC that shapes cultural experiences through its theme parks and media content, reinforcing American cultural norms.

Answer 200

Global media networks often reflect the culture of their home country (often the USA), influencing local cultures through films, television, and digital platforms.

Answer 201

The British Broadcasting Corporation sells shows worldwide, contributing to cultural diffusion while also facing criticism for promoting British values.

Answer 202

Globalization has facilitated the spread of democratic ideals, with 123 countries adopting democratic systems; however, many regions still lack democratic governance.

Answer 203

Critics argue that cultural imperialism leads to the loss of local identities and traditions as dominant cultures overshadow weaker ones.

Answer 204

Some view organizations like the British Council as instruments of cultural imperialism, promoting British values under the guise of educational support.

Answer 205

Ethnic groups with historical ties to specific geographic locations; they possess unique languages, beliefs, and sustainable practices.

Answer 206

Indigenous groups may lose access to land and resources due to external pressures from development and globalization.

Answer 207

Ladakh in India is a high-altitude desert region with a population of approximately 290,492. The

Answer 208

Opening to tourism in the 1970s led to exposure to Western culture, changes in traditional lifestyles, and increased consumerism.

Answer 209

- Traditional farming practices were replaced by reliance on imported goods and materials. - Improved infrastructure led to depopulation of villages as people moved to urban centers for better opportunities.

Answer 210

Increased competition based on religious identity has emerged, leading to tensions between Muslim and Buddhist communities.

Answer 211

Young people are influenced by global media, leading to a decline in traditional practices and low self-esteem.

Answer 212

The Bushmen are indigenous people with a long history in Botswana, facing threats from government policies aimed at conservation. Government evictions have disrupted their semi-nomadic lifestyle, forcing them into camps with limited resources and opportunities.

Answer 213

Distinct gender roles exist; women gather food while men hunt. They practice Shamanism and maintain cultural rituals.

Answer 214

Government interventions have led to loss of land, traditional practices, and increased reliance on government aid.

Answer 215

While globalization can facilitate cultural exchange, it often leads to the dominance of Western culture over local traditions.

Answer 216

Indigenous groups like the Bushmen are fighting for their rights and cultural preservation against governmental pressures.

Answer 217

In 2010 there were approximately 50,000 Bushmen in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.

Answer 218

Some 5000 live in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana.

Answer 219

The adoption of Western (North American and Western European) cultures, often leading to the loss of individual cultures.

Answer 220

Coca-Colonisation, Disneyfication, McDonaldisation.

Answer 221

Through colonization.

Answer 222

The adaptation of global products to fit local tastes and customs.

Answer 223

To meet local tastes and customs, health and safety regulations, and economic needs.

Answer 224

119 countries.

Answer 225

The Big Mac was replaced with the chicken Maharajah Mac due to cultural sensitivities regarding cows.

Answer 226

Opened in Amritsar near the Golden Temple in 2014, it reflects the adaptation to local dietary preferences.

Answer 227

In 1996, in Japan and Singapore.

Answer 228

Stores are larger and designed to resemble traditional Chinese teahouses, promoting a social atmosphere.

Answer 229

Inclusion of Chinese tea and local food items like lychee mooncake.

Answer 230

Health concerns (e.g., high calories), environmental impact (e.g., deforestation), and excessive packaging.

Answer 231

Allegations of paying less than 1% in corporation tax despite significant profits, leading to public boycotts.

Answer 232

An economy based around the purchase of material possessions and services and the idea that buying them leads to happiness.

Answer 233

Combines the words globalisation and localisation. Glocalisation is the adaptation of global products to meet the demands of the local market. One example is Nike's Pro Hijab range, which is designed to encourage Muslim women to participate in sport.

Answer 234

The process by which cities around the world become increasingly similar in structure, appearance, and function due to globalization and urbanization.

Answer 235

Similar urban structures, transport networks, retail stores, and public spaces.

Answer 236

The retail, financial, and entertainment center of a city where transport networks converge and land demand is high.

Answer 237

Chain stores (e.g., Gap), international banks (e.g., HSBC), TNC headquarters, and global fast food chains (e.g., McDonald's, Starbucks).

Answer 238

It leads to modern tower blocks being built alongside historic buildings and the prevalence of pedestrian zones and multi-story car parks.

Answer 239

Ring roads to reduce congestion, one-way systems, underground rail systems, tram and bus networks, and international airports.

Answer 240

It standardizes the transportation of goods across cities, leading to similar logistics and distribution methods.

Answer 241

It has led to the conversion of old industrial buildings into expensive apartments, changing the character of inner-city areas.

Answer 242

Towns that have become indistinguishable from one another due to the dominance of chain stores over independent retailers.

Answer 243

Chain stores boost the economy, provide cheaper products for consumers, and offer essential services like banks.

Answer 244

They lack character and community spirit, exploit workers, and do not support local economies.

Answer 245

It has a multi-racial population with over 75% being Chinese; it is forecast that over half will be immigrants by 2030.

Answer 246

Significant investment in infrastructure, legalizing casinos for tourism, and hosting attractions like Marina Bay Sands and Universal Studios.

Answer 247

They feature global luxury brands alongside familiar high street brands, with diverse international cuisine options.

Answer 248

An economy based around the purchase of material possessions and services and the idea that buying them leads to happiness.

Answer 249

16 million Indians living abroad.

Answer 250

Just over 1%.

Answer 251

- United States: 2.7 million - United Arab Emirates: 3.5 million - Saudi Arabia: 2.5 million - Malaysia: 2.9 million

Answer 252

In the early 19th century, primarily with unskilled agricultural laborers.

Answer 253

Only 12,000 Indian immigrants.

Answer 254

The Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed skilled workers to migrate.

Answer 255

- California - New Jersey - Texas

Answer 256

- New York - Chicago - San Jose

Answer 257

Through community organizations, cultural enclaves, festivals, media, and religious centers.

Answer 258

Areas in major cities like Los Angeles and New York that feature Indian restaurants, supermarkets, and cultural shops.

Answer 259

- Diwali - Navrati - Indian Independence Day.

Answer 260

$13 billion from USA-based Indians.

Answer 261

Due to a high proportion of English speakers and higher than average education levels.

Answer 262

The advantages of global production include reduced costs due to global sourcing of materials, access to cheaper labor and land in low-income countries (LICs) and middle-income countries (MICs), economies of scale that lead to lower prices for consumers, a wider variety of choices for consumers, and a year-round supply of seasonal products. Additionally, the lack of stringent regulations in some countries can contribute to lower production costs.

Answer 263

The disadvantages of global production encompass a "race to the bottom" in pricing, where competition drives profits down, the fact that profits often do not benefit local economies, ethical concerns such as sweatshops and child labor, low wages for workers even if they are above local rates, and increased pollution in the countries where production occurs. Furthermore, small local businesses struggle to compete with large-scale production methods, leading to job insecurity due to fluctuations in world markets.

Answer 264

The advantages of localized production include a better understanding of local market demands, which allows producers to adapt quickly, reduced transportation pollution due to shorter distances for goods delivery, increased customer loyalty fostered by face-to-face interactions, assurance of product quality since consumers know the origin of goods, and support for the local economy through tax revenues and job creation.

Answer 265

The disadvantages of localized production include typically higher prices for consumers due to elevated production costs, limited product choices because seasonal produce is not available year-round and not all products can be made locally. Moreover, small-scale production often leads to reduced profits compared to larger operations.

Answer 266

The key concerns voiced by the anti-globalization movement include opposition to the spread of capitalism, which they believe increases economic disparity both between and within countries. They also express worries about the environmental impacts of free trade, the loss of cultural identity, and a decrease in democratic rights. Additionally, they argue that free trade agreements tend to favor transnational corporations (TNCs), resulting in unfair competition.

Answer 267

According to the United Nations, civil society comprises several major groups including mass organizations that represent specific interests, trade unions that advocate for workers based on their professions, faith-based organizations that operate on religious principles, academic institutions that contribute research and knowledge, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) focused on public benefit, and various social movements and campaign networks.

Answer 268

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in civil society by rapidly increasing their presence globally and often campaigning against government policies. They utilize shock tactics to raise awareness about issues and can mobilize mass support quickly through social media platforms. While they lack direct power like government entities, they rely on public opinion to instigate change and have successfully influenced national and international laws through their campaigns.

Answer 269

The campaign against Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) primarily focused on addressing environmental concerns related to deforestation practices attributed to the company. Environmental groups initiated a decade-long campaign highlighting APP's destruction of tropical rainforests. Notably, Greenpeace launched the "Barbie, it's Over" campaign targeting Mattel for using APP products in packaging. This campaign garnered widespread support and led many companies to cease their business relationships with APP. Ultimately, APP committed to stopping deforestation in 2013, demonstrating how civil society can exert significant influence over transnational corporations through organized activism.

Answer 270

Globalization has resulted in increased freedom of movement for workers, leading to a rise in the number of immigrants in many countries.

Answer 271

The significant event in 2016 that highlighted concerns over immigration in the UK was the British vote to leave the EU, commonly known as Brexit, where immigration was a key element of the campaign.

Answer 272

Anti-immigration sentiment in Europe has been fueled by the recent refugee crisis, with a rapid increase in people from war-torn countries such as Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan seeking asylum, as well as African migrants crossing the Mediterranean for economic opportunities.

Answer 273

The Wall Street Journal found that public concerns about immigration were less about immigrants taking jobs and more about fears of losing national identity and the reduced ability of countries to control their borders.

Answer 274

The YouGov survey conducted in October 2016 revealed that more than half of Italians surveyed agreed with the statement that "there are so many foreigners living round here, it doesn’t feel like home anymore," with similar sentiments expressed by respondents from France and Germany.

Answer 275

The Identitarian movement originated in France in 2002 as a youth group associated with the right-wing political party Bloc Identitaire and has since spread to other European countries, advocating for a return to traditional Western values and preservation of national identity.

Answer 276

The rise in anti-immigration sentiment has led to increased popularity of right-wing political parties across several European countries, including the UK, Germany, Austria, France, Hungary, and Denmark.

Answer 277

Arguments for immigration include that immigrants help fill gaps in the labor market, contribute to GDP through taxes, balance an aging population, and increase cultural diversity within societies.

Answer 278

Arguments against immigration include concerns that it may lead to lower wages for semi-skilled and unskilled workers, put pressure on housing and services, increase unemployment rates, and contribute to crime and environmental pollution.

Answer 279

Marine Le Pen's candidacy was significant because she represented a far-right party that capitalized on rising anti-globalization sentiments and focused heavily on immigration issues, ultimately receiving 34% of the vote despite losing to Emmanuel Macron.

Answer 280

Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front party evolved from gaining only 0.75% of the vote in 1974 to achieving 18% support in 2002. After a decline, Marine Le Pen took over leadership in 2011 and oversaw a resurgence in popularity, reaching over 22,000 members by 2012.

Answer 281

Marine Le Pen proposed several key policies regarding immigration, including introducing a tax on foreign workers, restricting immigration to 10,000 per year, expelling illegal immigrants with criminal records, prioritizing social services for French citizens, and banning religious symbols in public spaces.

Answer 282

The rise of the National Front party's popularity among younger voters can be attributed to high youth unemployment rates and concerns about job security due to globalization and de-industrialization affecting regions with factory closures.

Answer 283

Recent terrorist attacks in France heightened anti-immigration sentiment by creating fears associated with security and radicalization. Major incidents included attacks on Charlie Hebdo and a series of assaults in Paris that collectively resulted in numerous deaths and injuries.

Answer 284

Donald Trump's key proposals regarding immigration during his presidential campaign included building a wall along the Mexico-US border, deporting illegal immigrants, reinstating programs focused on deporting criminal offenders, and implementing travel bans targeting specific Muslim-majority countries.

Answer 285

Trump's immigration policies faced legal challenges when federal judges blocked his travel ban targeting certain Muslim-majority countries and when cities like San Francisco challenged funding cuts aimed at sanctuary cities that limit cooperation with federal immigration enforcement.

Answer 286

The top five most censored countries according to the Committee to Protect Journalists are Eritrea, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, and Azerbaijan.

Answer 287

Censorship levels in countries are determined using indicators such as repressive laws, internet restrictions, and imprisonment of journalists.

Answer 288

In Eritrea and North Korea, less than 10% of the population has mobile phones, and in Eritrea, less than 1% of the population goes online.

Answer 289

The "Great Firewall" is a system used by China to restrict social media access and block certain websites, thereby controlling information flow.

Answer 290

North Korea exemplifies extreme censorship by severely restricting personal freedoms, limiting access to information, and maintaining strict media controls.

Answer 291

Juche is a policy in North Korea that translates to 'self-reliance' and represents the ideology that emphasizes political independence, economic independence, and self-reliance in defense.

Answer 292

Juche rejects globalization by insisting that economic self-sufficiency is necessary for achieving independence (chajusong) and maintaining power.

Answer 293

Personal freedom in North Korea is heavily restricted; citizens cannot freely move within the country or leave without government permission, and criticizing the government can lead to imprisonment.

Answer 294

Those who criticize the government in North Korea can be banished to political prison camps, where it is estimated between 150,000 to 200,000 prisoners are held under harsh conditions.

Answer 295

The North Korean government controls information access by blocking external sources and ensuring that citizens only receive news from state-controlled media outlets.

Answer 296

Kwangmyong is a locally hosted intranet in North Korea that provides limited access to around 5,000 internal websites but does not connect to the global internet.

Answer 297

Only a few thousand people have uncensored internet access in North Korea, including political leaders, top university students, and those involved in cyber warfare.

Answer 298

All computers in North Korea must run on an operating system called Red Star.

Answer 299

Television and radio in North Korea can only receive government-controlled stations, with broadcasts focused on propaganda promoting the Workers' Party of Korea.

Answer 300

Religious freedom is banned in North Korea; those caught practicing religion can face severe punishment, including execution.

Answer 301

Leadership worship in North Korea is manifested through mandatory displays of loyalty to leaders like Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-un, including wearing pins with their images.

Answer 302

Tourism in North Korea is strictly controlled; while foreigners can visit under certain conditions, independent travel is not allowed, and tourists must follow strict rules.

Answer 303

North Korea faces significant challenges regarding development due to food shortages, power shortages, limited economic interactions with other countries, and human rights abuses.

Answer 304

Boko Haram translates literally as "Western education is forbidden," and its mission is to overthrow the Nigerian government and establish an Islamic state.

Answer 305

Besides Nigeria, Boko Haram has been active in Chad, Cameroon, and Niger.

Answer 306

Boko Haram has used tactics such as decapitation of Christians, bombings of churches and schools, abductions of children for use as suicide

Answer 307

Nigeria's geography contributes to Boko Haram's influence due to its large population disparity between the wealthier south (mainly Christian) and poorer north (mainly Muslim), which fosters discontent.

Answer 308

Mohammed Yusuf was a leader who founded Boko Haram; he gathered like-minded individuals to discuss fundamentalist interpretations of the Qur'an before leading the group towards radicalization.

Answer 309

In 2009, Nigerian police arrested members of Boko Haram during an investigation; this led to revenge attacks by the group against police officers and facilities after their leader was killed while in custody.

Answer 310

When policies are set up to shield a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition.

Answer 311

When a country can produce a good or service at a lower cost than another. For example, France can produce wine more cheaply than England because it has a favourable climate.

Answer 312

The process of governments asserting control and taking ownership of their natural resources.

Answer 313

Globalization has led to an increase in the movement of goods and the development of a global economy, with national governments playing a major role in shaping trade policies.

Answer 314

Free trade allows for unrestricted international trade, as seen in countries within the European Union, while protectionism involves policies that restrict international trade to protect domestic industries, such as those in North Korea.

Answer 315

Protectionism can take the form of tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and regulations that control imports and support domestic industries.

Answer 316

A tariff is a tax or customs duty paid on imported goods, which makes domestic products more competitive by increasing the market price of imports.

Answer 317

A quota is a restriction that limits the quantity or monetary value of goods that may be imported or exported, encouraging consumers to purchase locally made products.

Answer 318

A subsidy is a cash or tax reduction benefit given by a government to a company or industry, allowing it to sell goods at lower prices while still making a profit, thus helping it compete against cheaper imports.

Answer 319

Regulations can ban certain goods from entering a country if they do not meet safety or environmental standards, protecting consumers and domestic markets.

Answer 320

The EU currently imposes a 10% duty on cars imported from the USA, making a $20,000 US car cost $22,000 in the EU and encouraging consumers to buy EU-made cars instead.

Answer 321

Advantages of protectionism include protecting domestic industries and jobs, improving the balance of payments, preventing dumping of goods, and increasing government revenue from tariffs.

Answer 322

Disadvantages of protectionism include potential trade disputes between nations, reduced competitiveness for companies in export markets, higher prices for consumers, and decreased choice in products.

Answer 323

Resource nationalism involves state ownership of natural resources, allowing countries more control over their resources and profits from extraction while often conflicting with globalization interests.

Answer 324

Zimbabwe nationalized its mining industry under Robert Mugabe's government and introduced regulations requiring non-indigenous companies to transfer 51% of their assets to indigenous people.

Answer 325

Zimbabwe faces challenges such as lack of funding for infrastructure and issues related to corruption that hinder effective management of its mineral resources.

Answer 326

In 2012, Argentina renationalized YPF by purchasing 51% from Repsol, claiming insufficient investment in oil exploration had forced them to import energy despite having large reserves.

Answer 327

Shortly after Argentina's nationalization of YPF, Bolivia announced its own nationalization plans by seizing control of Transportadora de Electricidad from a Spanish-owned company.

Answer 328

The promotion of international-mindedness often stems from the actions of one individual who draws attention to an issue, leading to increased global awareness.

Answer 329

The increased use of smartphones and social media has allowed small local events to be broadcast worldwide, attracting attention beyond national boundaries.

Answer 330

Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist who began blogging at age 12 about girls' education under Taliban rule, drawing international media attention to the plight of girls denied education.

Answer 331

In 2012, Malala was targeted and shot by the Taliban for her activism but survived and continued her campaign for girls' education, eventually winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014.

Answer 332

The Arab Spring, also known as the Democracy Spring, was a series of anti-government protests that began on December 17, 2010, in Tunisia and spread across North Africa and the Middle East.

Answer 333

The protests were triggered by Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation in response to police harassment after his fruit stall was confiscated, symbolizing widespread frustration with corruption and unemployment.

Answer 334

Social media played a crucial role in mobilizing protesters by allowing them to share information quickly, organize demonstrations, and broadcast events as they unfolded.

Answer 335

Following months of protests, Tunisian dictator Ben Ali fled the country on January 14, 2011, ending his 23-year rule and leading to the formation of an interim government.

Answer 336

In Egypt, activists used Facebook to organize a mass protest at Tahrir Square on January 25, 2011. Despite limited internet access, they spread information through taxi drivers and mobilized tens of thousands of participants.

Answer 337

President Mubarak initially promised democratic reform but faced escalating protests; he eventually resigned on February 11, 2011, after losing support from both the public and military.

Answer 338

Libya's uprising began on February 15, 2011, when security forces opened fire on protesters in Benghazi. NATO intervened in March 2011 to support rebels against Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's regime.

Answer 339

Yemen experienced clashes between pro- and anti-government protesters leading to hundreds of deaths; al-Qaeda gained control over much of southern Yemen amid ongoing violence.

Answer 340

In Bahrain, protests were met with violent repression from security forces; neighboring countries like Saudi Arabia intervened to suppress dissent among the Shiite majority against the ruling Sunni royal family.

Answer 341

Protests in Syria escalated into a civil war between President Bashar al-Assad's regime and opposition forces; human rights abuses have persisted amid ongoing conflict.

Answer 342

The Arab Spring led to political changes but also increased instability; while some countries like Tunisia saw democratic progress, others like Libya and Syria descended into chaos and conflict.

Answer 343

Romania established the National Anti-Corruption Directorate (DNA) to investigate corruption among politicians and businesspeople since joining the EU in 2007.

Answer 344

Mass protests erupted after the Romanian government announced an emergency decree that would decriminalize certain corruption offenses, raising fears of a return to pre-EU levels of corruption.

Answer 345

Over 300,000 people protested across Romania against the government's decree, making it one of the largest demonstrations since anti-communist protests in 1989.

Answer 346

President Klaus Iohannis supported the protesters publicly, stating that it was a day of mourning for rule of law and condemning government actions that undermined anti-corruption efforts.