Global climate, vulnerability and resilience Flashcards
Define system
A system is a set of interrelated parts and the connections between them. These parts unite to form a complex whole and produce emergent properties.
Define open system
An open system exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings.
Define closed system
A closed system exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.
Define isolated system
An isolated system exchanges neither energy nor matter with its surroundings.
What are the common features of a system?
Common features of a system include inputs, which are the elements entering the system, either in the form of matter or energy. Processes are actions that transform these inputs into outputs. Outputs or feedback refer to the flows of matter and/or energy that leave the system.
What are the three basic types of systems?
The three basic types of systems are open systems, closed systems, and isolated systems.
What is a feedback loop?
A feedback loop occurs when part of a system’s output re-enters the system as a new input, prompting the system to respond to changes.
What are the two types of feedback loops?
The two types of feedback loops are negative feedback and positive feedback.
What is negative feedback?
Negative feedback promotes stability within a system by reversing changes and guiding the system back toward its original state of equilibrium.
What is positive feedback?
Positive feedback amplifies changes within a system, allowing them to continue in the same direction. A small disturbance can lead to an increase in that disturbance.
Give an example of negative feedback in global climate change.
An example of negative feedback in global climate change can be seen when rising global temperatures lead to increased evaporation. This process results in more cloud formation, which reflects additional sunlight back into space, potentially cooling the Earth and counteracting the initial temperature rise.
Give an example of positive feedback in urban growth.
An example of positive feedback can be observed in London’s growth. As job opportunities increased, more people moved to the city, which expanded the labor force and attracted more businesses. This cycle created additional job opportunities, further fueling population growth
How does the atmosphere exemplify an open system?
The atmosphere exemplifies an open system through its inputs of matter, such as gases from respiration, volcanic eruptions, and fossil fuel combustion. It also has inputs of energy from solar radiation and long-wave radiation from Earth’s surface. Outputs include rain and gases removed by respiration, along with long-wave radiation emitted into space.
What is the relationship between global climate change and feedback loops?
Global climate change is generally associated with positive feedback cycles that destabilize systems; however, some argue that it may also lead to negative feedback cycles that could restore the climate to a previous state considered “normal.”
What is the atmosphere and why is it important?
The atmosphere is a dynamic system of transparent gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, held in place by Earth’s gravity. It is vital for life as it shields from meteorites, protects from harmful solar radiation, moderates climate and temperature, and supplies oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
How does the atmosphere change over time?
The atmosphere constantly changes through processes like respiration (removing oxygen, adding carbon dioxide), photosynthesis (removing carbon dioxide, adding oxygen), and volcanic eruptions (adding various gases and particulate matter). There is a balance between these processes.
How has the Earth’s atmosphere changed since the planet’s formation?
When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago, the atmosphere was predominantly hydrogen and helium with no free oxygen. Over time, volcanic activity and the evolution of life changed its composition to what it is today.
What are the main components of the Earth’s atmosphere?
The main components by volume are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and other trace gases including neon and water vapor.
Which atmospheric components are most affected by human activities?
Components most affected by human activities include carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. These can vary significantly over time and location, particularly due to the combustion of fossil fuels.
How does air pressure change with altitude?
Air pressure decreases steadily with height. At sea level, it’s about 1013.25 millibars, while at the top of Mount Everest, it’s approximately 337.75 millibars.
What are the four main layers of the Earth’s atmosphere?
The four main layers of the Earth’s atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
What are the key characteristics of the troposphere?
The troposphere extends up to about 10 km above sea level. It’s warmest near the Earth’s surface, with temperature declining by 6.5-7.5°C per km. It contains most of the atmospheric mass, water vapor, clouds, and pollutants. Most weather occurs here, and it’s where the greenhouse effect takes place.
What are the main features of the stratosphere?
The stratosphere extends from 10 to 50 km above sea level. It contains the ozone layer which absorbs UV radiation. Temperature is constant at about –60°C in the lower part but increases with altitude. The air is dry, and winds increase with height.
What are the characteristics of the mesosphere?
The mesosphere ranges from about 50 to 80 km. It’s the coldest part of the atmosphere, with temperatures falling to –90°C. There are strong winds with speeds up to around 3000 km/h.