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Geography > Human development and diversity > Flashcards

Human development and diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two political factors that affect global interactions

A
  • Multi governmental organisations (MGO) and free trade zones
  • migration controls and rules
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2
Q

Name a real-life example of negative migration controls

A

The U.S.-Mexico border

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3
Q

Name a real-life example of a positive migration control (2 +ves and 1 -ve)

A

Singapore: strengths
-great ethnic diversity
-a hub for high-skilled employment

Weaknesses:
-More wages equal higher rent

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4
Q

‘using examples, analyse ways in which international economic migration has been affected by political decision-making’ [12]

name 4 case study countries for this question

A

-Singapore
-USA-Mexico
-Japan
-Australia

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5
Q

Name one strength and two weakness of Japan’s migration control

A

Strengths:
– very rich and traditional culture

Weaknesses:
-Japan has strict migration rules which means that Japanese citizenship for foreigners has had less than 1% success
-bad for their ageing population

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6
Q

Name one strength and one weakness of Australia’s migration control

A

Strength:
-Australia has implemented a skill-based system to fill its employment gaps and strengthen its economy

Weaknesses:
-migrants used to be chosen on a racial basis (in 1973)

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7
Q

What is meant by friction of distance

A

This is the reduced likelihood of people using a service the greater the distance that they live from it

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8
Q

What is distance decay

A

The reduction in the use of services due to distance

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9
Q

What is the time space convergence

A

This is when travel time between places decreases and the distance declines in terms of its significance due to technological and transport advancements

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10
Q

What is the time space convergence a direct consequence of

A

Transport innovation

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11
Q

What is human development

A

The ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants

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12
Q

Name five factors in which the human development for a country is measured

A

-Equal pay
-income/jobs
-health and education
-culture/values
-the political status of a country

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13
Q

What are the sustainable development goals

A

17 goals agreed by world leaders as a set of targets to provide a roadmap for human development

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14
Q

what is three factors does a human development index look at

A

-life expectancy
-education
-income

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15
Q

Name 3 advantages of the human development index

A

-It is widely used by many countries
-it does not solely concentrate on economic development
-helps to identify the infrastructure a country needs to improve their human developement

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16
Q

Name three disadvantages of the human development index

A

-Data from some developing countries may not be reliable and may be difficult to confirm
-displacement through conflict or drought may make data nearly impossible to collect
-there is no indication of access to education for all groups in society

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17
Q

How is a gender inequality index measured

A

It ranges from 0 (where women and men are treated equally) to 1 (where there is poor gender equality)

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18
Q

Name three gender equal countries and three gender inequal countries

A

Equal:
Switzerland
Norway
Finland

Inequal:
Papua New Guinea
Yemen
Chad

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19
Q

Name two advantages and two disadvantages of the gender inequality index

A

Advantages:
-it includes the empowerment of women
-it reveals gender disparities in the labour market

Weaknesses:
-some countries may not see the value of the gender inequality index as a measure of development/may not take part in it
-it misses other factors for example gender-based violence

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20
Q

Name two ways of empowering women

A

-Promote education, training and professional development for women
-ensure the health, safety and well-being of all women workers

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21
Q

What’s your case studies do you need to know for empowering women

A

Colombia
Morocco

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22
Q

how has Colombia improved women empowerment

A

During Colombia’s longest armed conflict, women were in power and have influenced new laws and policies to improve women’s empowerment. For example, they have increased women’s participation in labour force and increased the level of girls in secondary and tertiary schooling more than boys

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23
Q

Name an organisation that empowers indigenous groups

A

IFAD (International fund for agricultural development)

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24
Q

How does the IFAD empower indigenous groups?

A

The finance projects to aid agricultural development in developing countries.

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25
Q

Name two countries that have empowered indigenous groups

A

Bolivia
Guatemala

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26
Q

How has Morocco improved women empowerment (problems and solutions)

A

Problems:
-education was far from rural women in Morocco
Education was non-accessible and therefore this made parents nervous about sending their children there

Solutions:
- the EFA (education for all) have built and uphold boarding houses for rural girls to stay in to be educated
-each house has a house mother which plays a key role in the academic and personal development of the girls
-younger girls have received a higher Quality of education
-decreased level of child marriages
-more girls have got jobs in the labour market
-fewer children born
-More workers
-stronger economy

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27
Q

How has Bolivia empowered indigenous groups

A

Introduced Mapajo eco-tourism program. This is an eco-tourism program located in the Bolivian reserve of the Amazonian rainforest. It provides jobs for local workers as tour guides and guards
-it preserves cultural traditions for example basket weaving to empower indigenous groups
-introduce sustainable methods to protect the environment
- increase in income therefore reduce the development gap

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28
Q

How has Guatemala empowered indigenous groups

A

The ILO (International Labour Organisation) project:
- Make sure indigenous women are aware of their rights
- aims to get more women working in the labour markets (construction working)
Provides safety demonstrations allowing for better social welfare within the labour market and construction sites
-works for legislation to be passed in order for indigenous women to have more social rights, and therefore receive less indigenous discriminated abuse, to work for eight hours a day and receive a minimum wage therefore reducing the development gap and the gender inequality gap

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29
Q

what is microfinance?

A

Financial services provided to unemployed or low income individuals or groups who lack access to conventional banking services

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30
Q

What are the benefits of micro finance

A

-To finance courses/money for a car. To help them get started
-good for low-income countries as it can get them on the economic ladder
-Boost the economy
- Reduces the development gap
-It allows women to gain access to banking services and therefore go up the economic ladder
-It reduces gender inequality gap

31
Q

What is the micro finance case study

A

Buffalo milk selling and rickshaw taxi business in India

32
Q

What is fair trade

A

Fair trade allows for decent working conditions and a fair deal for farmers and workers in developing countries

33
Q

Name three pros and cons for fair trade

A

pros:
-fair Prices: Fairtrade ensures that producers receive fair prices for their products, which helps to improve their standard of living and economic stability.
-Poverty Reduction: By guaranteeing fair wages and working conditions, Fairtrade helps to alleviate poverty among farmers and workers in developing countries.
-Transparency and Accountability: Fairtrade certification involves rigorous standards and monitoring processes, which promote transparency and accountability throughout the supply chain.

cons:
-Costs: Fairtrade certification can be costly for producers, which may limit participation, particularly among small-scale farmers and cooperatives.
-Limited Reach: Fairtrade may not reach all producers in need, and some farmers may not qualify for certification due to various reasons, including geographic location or inability to meet certification standards.
-Market Access: Fairtrade products may face challenges in accessing mainstream markets due to higher prices compared to non-Fairtrade alternatives.

34
Q

What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

A

a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in the business operations and interactions with their stakeholders

35
Q

What are the two case studies for CSR

A

-Coca-Cola
-the Rana Plaza disaster Bangladesh

36
Q

Briefly describe the Rana Plaza disaster

A

On 24th of April 2013 an eight story garment factory on the outskirts of Dhaka collapsed killing more than 1100 people.
Local police had warned that the building was unsafe but owners allegedly threatened to fire those who did not carry on as usual
Planning permission has been given for five story building not an eight story building

37
Q

Why is Bangladesh likely to become an even larger textile manufacturer than China

A

Bangladesh is likely to become an even larger text to manufacturer than China as its main advantage is it’s low-cost labour - the monthly minimum wage is about 20% of China’s minimum wage

38
Q

2 Pros and cons of CSR

A

pros
1. CSR programs can contribute to a positive work culture = higher employee satisfaction and retention rates.
2. During a major disaster (Rana Plaza) that links with the business, the business is given a pressurised window where it is forced to make some changes that allow the company to become more sustainable and socially upright for its workers

cons
1. Some critics argue that the CSR may sound good on paper, but making sure that all the details are covered and every single supplier is difficult to achieve
2. Most clothing companies have only made efforts to improve and take action on the CSR only when a disaster happens. After this disaster they turn a blind eye for profit

39
Q

What campaign has Coca-Cola launched to improve its CSR

A

The coletivo project
Projects aim to empower women in developing nations through job and business training.

40
Q

What has Coca-Cola’s campaign led to the form of in Brazil

A

The Coletivo program.
Trains young adults in job skills and retail basics where 66% of graduates have been women
Provides female entrepreneurs with business skills
Supports recycling cooperatives by investing in materials and infrastructure to increase efficiency and sustainability
Hundreds of local women artisans have turned recycled Coca-Cola packages into art, jewellery, handbags
Provides business and design training so that these artisans can earn greater and more sustainable incomes

41
Q

Briefly describe how micro finance has helped people in rural India (problems and solutions)

A

problems:
- people do not have enough money for buffalos
- the seasonal rickshaw business limits the times that can drivers can operate
- the rent for the rickshaws are too expensive at times to rent, and people do not have enough money for food

solutions:
- microfinance allows for people to buy rickshaws on a loan basis
- women are usually the ones who are given the financial part of the program, as they r are seen to be more reliable with the finances
- this gives women more respect within the couple relationship
- allows couples to have more money for food and water -> increasing their quality of life
- increases income for their child’s education, as more girls are able to attend a secondary edcuation

42
Q

How does being a landlocked country affect global interactions? with 2 contrasting examples

A

-> Botswana
Botswana is rich in natural resources like timber and rubber, however being landlocked makes them cut off a maritime trade. Therefore they cannot trade as easily and therefore have to rely on aerial trade to get their resources around the world. However this is expensive and means that they can’t contribute to global trade networks

-> Switzerland
Despite Being a landlocked country, Switzerland is a global financial hub where TNCs have their headquarters located. The more they are part of an NGO called the EU and the benefit from free trade (no tariffs)

43
Q

How does having natural resources affect global interactions? with 2 contrasting examples

A

DRC:
The DRC has an abundance of natural materials: diamonds, timber, and rubber. These natural resources are what attracted colonisers to the country to loot the country of its natural supplies. The abundance of natural resources can cause a chain impact: civil wars, invasions and corrupt governments. The DRC has not been able to venture into other industries lessening its abilities for economic development and global interactions

UAE:
The UAE has a surplus of oil. It has branched out into many industries: Ferrari (Italy) and Man United FC (UK). This ensures that when all oil supplies eventually run out they will be able to interact on a global scale and will not hinder the level of interactions

44
Q

How does geographic isolation affect global interactions? with 2 contrasting examples

A

St Helena:
- Lack of proper transport routes (takes 5-day journey)
- a new airport failed to bring in tourists, because strong winds make landing their too dangerous

Iceland:
- airports and ports allow a huge increase of tourists to come into Iceland to see its geography
- despite the influx of tourists, iceland has still been able to retain its strong sense of cultural identity
- connectivity exposed iceland too, as Icelandic connected business suffered during the global financial crises

45
Q

What is a population dividend?

A

refers to the bulge in the number of adults in a population

46
Q

Summarise the factors which create population dividends

A
  • decline in fertility rates -> less services needed for children -> economic growth due to women in work
47
Q

Explain how Thailand’s population structure has changed from 1960 - 2010

A

1960 - youthful POP - average no of 6 children per woman
2010 - smaller youthful POP - average no of 2 children per woman

48
Q

Outline what Thailands change in population structure has accelerated

A

increased economic growth

49
Q

Explain Rwanda’s Population structure

A

youthful pop -> average of 4 - 5 children per woman

50
Q

Outline the 2 key investments in the population dividend:
- child survival
- family structure
- education of girls

A

child survival:
more children surviving means less children need to be born = increasing GDP per family

Family structure:
increased investment in contraception = smaller families

Education of girls:
keep girls in school to delay early marriage and increase the no of women in the work force to improve economic growth

51
Q

outline the impact of fertility rate on GDP

A

smaller fertility rate = higher GDP

52
Q

outline the impact of economic policies and governance on the pop dividend

A
  • economic policies:
    equal opportunity and pay for men and women
    governance:
    increased institutions
53
Q

what is a diaspora + example

A

the dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland.
example:
the movement of Indians overseas for economic gain and business

54
Q

how do diasporas preserve culture

A
  • wearing traditional dress
  • speaking traditional language
  • places of worship
  • visits to country of origin
55
Q

name 3 influences that diaspora populations have on cultural identity

A
  • increase cultural diversity
  • they can modify the culture of particular places (i.e. modify music, language, clothes)
  • the physical landscape (i.e. ethnic shops, places of worship)
56
Q

(Case study)
The Indian Diaspora:
What are the two types on Indians in this diaspora

A

NRI - non-resident Indians (Indians citizens that have emigrated to different countries)
POI = person of indian origin (indians who live in differnet countries and do not live in india - like a 3rd or 4th generation indian who lives in the uk)

57
Q

name 3 facts about NRIs

A
  • mostly economic migrants - highly skilled and young reflecting India’s current demographic characteristics
  • many have travelled to work in elite occupations like tech and medicine, since the 1990s. the NRI pop is the most highly paid migrant community in the USA
  • India has more of its actual citizens living abroad than any other country (16 million)
58
Q

name 3 facts about POIs in USA

A
  • 12 million of the diaspora are POIs
  • many 4th and 5th generation POIs may not even identify as ethnically indian, as they may have a multiple identity (having an indian grandma and 3 irish grandparents)
  • different state governments may not even ask questions about peoples cultural backgrounds as part of their census anymore
59
Q

why is a large diaspora good for india

A
  • shows indias growing power and influence
  • its a useful resource for building soft power overseas (food,media,businesses, poltics)
  • plays an important role in supporting the relationship between india and the other country that they both benefit for,
60
Q

what is an adv and a d adv of diasporas

A

adv:
technology has allowed for online ancestry kits -> people discover they have roots in another country and more willing to visit it, increasing global flows

d adv:
people in home country fear their nation is becoming culturally fossilised

61
Q

name some indian success stories in the uk for the case study

A
  • Gulam Noon built a business empire around curry having a personal fortune of £65 million from only £50 when he arrives to the Uk in the 1970s. He entered the House of Lords in 2011 and gave millions to the Uk and indian charities
  • Politics: Rishi Sunak became the wealthiest and the first indian PM in the UK
  • Priti patel - first home secretary of indian descent
  • Media: actor Dev Patel (born in London to indian parents), won oscars in slumdog millionaire, and recieved nominations for the british independent film awards

-Food: chicken tikka masals ranking uk no 1 dish and being the national dish

62
Q

what is cultural diffusion? and how has it increased over time?

A

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. Advanced communication, transportation and tech and helped the mixing of world cultures

63
Q

In africa, why is the cultural and ethnic groups divided so poorly

A

in the 18th and 19th centuries, european colonies divided up Africa, who paid little to no consideration to the people actually living there. The colonial powers were more concerned with dividing up Africa’s raw materials and water resources among themselves.
- By 1900, many ethnic groups found themselves living in newly formed nations that didnt represent their cultural beliefs

64
Q

what are optimistic hyperglobalisers and what are their views on the diffusion of cultural traits + example

A

People who believe in a modern culture of gloabl citizenship that values equlaity and frees people from conflict or discrimination on the grounds of race, gender or sexuality.
They view a loss of cultural diversity as a positive thing in certain ways. For example: some cultures still practice female genital mutilation, so an optimistic hyperglobalisers may view the loss of localised cultural traditions, such as this, to be a good thing

65
Q

what are pessimistic hyperglobalisers and what are their views on the diffusion of cultural traits + example

A

people who view the loss of local culture negatively. They argue that global cultural diversity should be valued and protected. With the death of the last speaker of Bo, an ancient language of the Andaman islands, India lost an irreplacable part of its heritage that pessimistic hyperglobalisers see as an irreversible loss

66
Q

how do cultural traits spread (6 points)

A
  • interactions with people
  • social media
  • trade agreements
  • politics
  • transport (travel and tourism)
  • technology
67
Q

how has china increased power and economy

A

In 1978 - Deng Xiaoping saw a vision of china as an economic superpower. China inroduced the ‘open door policy’ to create 4 special economic zones (SEZs) at the coast, to attract foreign investment with tax incentives (no tax, no quotas, cheap labour) that saw the rapid economic growth that Deng Xiaoping wanted. China is now the second largest economy in the world

68
Q

what is cultural imperialism

A

the process by which a dominant culture exerts its influence on other cultures (soft power)

69
Q

Western culture is said to be the new “ neo-colonial phase”, that is being propogated gloablly. Which country is leading in this phase and give examples as to how

A

USA
- Walt Disney Company - across Asia children encounter Mickey mouse of disney asia
- disney expose other eastern continents to western traditions (valentines day and halloween)
- apple inadvertently promote western culture in subtle ways (having St. Valentines day in the calendar on the iphone (named after a christian saint))

70
Q

what is glocalisation

A

TNCs adapting their products for different markets to take account of local variations in tastes, customs and laws

71
Q

name 3 examples of glocalisation

A
  • starbucks changing the flavour of their drinks in china to have matcha green tea
  • dominoes having only vegetarian food for Hindu communities
  • MTV avoids showing overly sexual videos on their middle east cahnnel
72
Q

what is cultural hybridity + example

A

efforts to maintain a balance among practices, values and customs of two or more cultures. One example is language. People speaking their mother tongue while accommodating new ones

73
Q

How has cultural hybridity been shown through K-POP

A
  • may have some English lines to appeal to appeal to global listeners -> still has majorly Korean lines to maintain authenticity
  • People use KPOP fashion as a way to construct an identity
  • People visit and move to Korea to be immersed in Korean culture

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