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Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the process where countries become more linked and connected with each other

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2
Q

What is cultural globalisation?

A

The merging and linking of different cultures

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3
Q

How was cultural globalisation achieved?

A

It was achieved by the improvement of transport and media

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4
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A

The movements of goods, services and technology

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5
Q

How was economic globalisation achieved?

A

-Through trade organisations (like the EU)
-Through the development of TNCs

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6
Q

What is the World Trade Organisation?

A

An organisation that ensures fair trading amongst countries to reduce exploitation

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7
Q

What is political globalisation?

A

The growing political influence around the world

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8
Q

What are the United Nations?

A

A peacekeeping organisation that was made after WW2. It helps to reduce the risk of political fights and war

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9
Q

What is the World Health Organisation?

A

An organisation that supports and coordinates responses against national or international pandemics and epidemics, i.e malaria or COVID

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10
Q

What is the World Bank? and what does it do?

A

An organisation that provides loans for countries. Countries give money to the bank and the bank provides low-interest loans to developing countries that may need the finance, for example, to build schools. It also helps countries join the global trading system

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11
Q

What is environmental globalisation?

A

Environmental globalisation refers to the internationally coordinated practices and regulations (often in the form of international treaties) regarding environmental protection. e.g. COP26 and the Kyoto Protocol

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12
Q

Why do we have environmental globalisation?

A

Due to an increase in awareness of global environmental issues and the actions needed to help

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13
Q

Name 5 causes of globalisation

A

Any 5 from:
Technology
Transport
Media
TNC
Trade
International organisations
Environmental issues

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14
Q

Name 4 positives of globalisation

A

Any 4 from:
-Greater cultural understanding
-Advanced technology for communication
-Increase in trade = increase in living standards
-increased transport
-more jobs for people in LIC

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15
Q

Name 4 negatives of globalisation

A

Any 4 from:
-Cultures are getting lost
-Native language may be getting lost (due to many languages becoming more dominant in the world i.e. English)
-TNC exploitation
-Fake news
-environmental issues (i.e. from more transport)

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16
Q

Explain the history of globalisation
(hint: there are 8 boxes you need to know)

A
  1. 15th century - Silk Road connects Europe, Asia and Africa for the exchange of merchandise
  2. 15th - 16th - Christopher Columbus opened up new sea routes for the trade of goods, spices and metals
  3. 18-19th: Colonialism - Connected distant parts of the world and created trade networks
  4. 19th: Industrial Revolution - This saw technological advancements in transport and communication
  5. 20th - Growth of TNCs, the UN and cultural influences (media)
  6. Post-cold War era: Trade and communication barriers were removed in the east and west, allowing globalisation to accelerate
  7. The Digital Age - Technology connected people, businesses and information worldwide
  8. Contemporary globalisation - The free flow of goods, information and people over borders, shaping economies, culture and politics globally
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17
Q

What are globalisation indicies?

A

A measure of globalisation

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18
Q

What are the 3 globalisation indicies?

A
  • The kof index
  • The EY globalisation index
  • The new globalisation index
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19
Q

What is the kof index?

A

The KOF index is a score each country is given out of 100, the higher the number the more Globalised the country is considered to be. The KOF Index of globalization measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political

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20
Q

How is the political dimension measured?

A

It counts the number of embassies in a country, and the number of national organisations they are in (e.g. the UN)

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21
Q

What are the three sections of the social dimension?

A
  • Personal contacts
  • Information flows
  • Cultural proximity
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22
Q

How is the personal contacts section measured?

A

It counts international calls (e.g. business or family)

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23
Q

How is the information flow section measured?

A

It counts the number of internet users, tv or international newspaper subscriptions and so on

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24
Q

How is the cultural proximity section measured?

A

It counts the number of McDonalds and IKEA per person in a country

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25
Q

What is the EY index?

A

It measures a country’s GDP

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26
Q

What is the new globalisation index?

A

It measures the distance of traded goods. The further goods are traded, the more globalised a country is.

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27
Q

What is a global superpower?

A

A nation that influences other nations

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28
Q

What is hard power?

A

Influencing nations with coercion

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29
Q

What is soft power?

A

Influencing nations with persuasion

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30
Q

What is the highest-ranked global superpower?

A

The USA

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31
Q

What are 3 examples of hard power?

A
  • strong military
  • large population
  • large land mass
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32
Q

What are 3 examples of soft power?

A
  • right to vote
  • free education
  • good healthcare
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33
Q

How does a strong military help a country to become a superpower?

A

Enough physical power to deter countries and go against them if need be

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34
Q

How does a large population help a country to become a superpower?

A

A large population means that the country has a larger workforce, leading to an increase in economic growth

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35
Q

How does a large land area help a country to become a superpower?

A

More space for people means more industries and more areas for resources that can be exploited. This allows for economic growth

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36
Q

How does a free education help a country to become a superpower?

A
  • pull factor (brings in talent)
  • skilled and larger workforce = economic growth
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37
Q

How does good healthcare help a country to become a superpower?

A
  • pull factor
  • longer life expectancy
  • better quality of life
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38
Q

How does a right to vote help a country become a superpower?

A
  • democracy = makes people more pleased with the governments
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39
Q

Why is the USA the most globalised country?

A
  • It has the Atlantic and Pacific oceans on both sides -> access to many trade routes
  • Oceans - large fishing industry
  • A large number of resources = coal (do not have to rely on other countries for resources/ can sell to other countries for profit)
  • a large number of forests - wood for fuel and construction/ can export to other countries
  • strong military
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40
Q

When was the term ‘superpower’ first introduced?

A

1944

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41
Q

What 3 nations used to be superpowers?

A

USA, Britain and the Soviet Union

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42
Q

Why was Britain originally a dominant superpower?

A

The British Empire held 1/4 of the world’s land under rule, demanding taxes and resources from its colonies

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43
Q

What happened to make Britain lose power?

A

The colonies demanded independence from the British Empire. Slowly, more and more colonies gained independence and Britain lost power

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44
Q

Why did the USA suffer less damage from WW2?

A
  • it was not the place where the war was mainly taking place
  • it joined the war later on, so suffered less damage
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45
Q

Why did the USSR have more power after the war than other countries?

A

It had more money left over because it had more countries in the USSR, adding wealth, and had an equal pay communist approach

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46
Q

How were the USSR and the USA different in terms of their politics?

A

The USA had a more right-wing, capitalist approach, whereas, the USSR had a more left-wing communist approach

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47
Q

What countries were the USA and the USSR connected with?

A

USSR - Russia + Eastern Europe
USA - Western Europe, Latin America, The Commonwealth and some parts of Asia

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48
Q

What did the USA do to try and reduce the spread of communism?

A

Support right-wing countries like Cuba and Vietnam

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49
Q

What soft power did the USA have?

A

It had a very popular culture: TV shows, films, songs and was a very popular place for overseas students

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50
Q

Why did the culture of the USSR prevent it from becoming a superpower?

A

The USSR’s culture was not as popular as the USA, making it less influential

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51
Q

What are some similarities between the USA and the USSR? (5 things)

A
  • a large land mass
  • a large population
  • a strong military
  • a large economy
  • lots of valuable resources
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52
Q

What happened to Russia that made it lose some of its power?

A

The USSR broke up in 1991

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53
Q

What happened to America to lose some of its power?

A

It lost a lot of economic power due to the 2008 financial crisis and its military involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq did not hold a desired effect

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54
Q

Who are the emerging superpowers and why?

A

OPEC oil-rich countries - UAE - possess expensive natural resources wanted by many countries

BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, S. Africa - identified as rising economic powers

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55
Q

What is the ‘Military Industrial Complex’?

A

A country’s military combined with a network of individuals and institutions, involved with the production of weapons

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56
Q

What war occurred after WW2?

A

The cold war

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57
Q

Why is it called the cold war?

A

Because there was no physical fighting

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58
Q

After WW2, what happened to the US military and what did they spend their money on?

A

Their military grew and they spent their money on technological advancements for their military (e.g. jets, missiles and tanks)

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59
Q

What was the nuclear arms race?

A

A race for the first country to develop nuclear bombs

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60
Q

What did people do after WW2, and what did it cause?

A

People started ‘celebrating’, causing a post-war baby boom

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61
Q

What things does the modern US military have that allows it to display influence around the world? (3)

A
  • World’s largest and most technologically advanced fleet of ships, planes and tanks
  • Overseas bases with nuclear missiles that allow the US to apply force to any part of the world
  • supplies weapons and military training for a wide range of countries
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62
Q

Why does the US want a large military?

A
  • to go against terrorism, cyberattacks and other global threats
  • to deter other countries from starting conflict
  • To maintain global security - one of NATOs priorities (NATO and the US are allies)
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63
Q

How much does the US spend on its military and military research compared to its health, energy and environmental sector?

A

The US exceeds spending of $100 billion on its military. It spends $40 billion on its military research. This is more than its health, energy and environmental sector combined

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64
Q

What things is Brazil doing to become a superpower?

A
  • great producers of ores of niobium, manganese, iron, copper and aluminium
  • Is an agricultural powerhouse - main producers of grain, meat and coffee - plays an essential role in global food security
  • legal taxpayer law - makes people pay higher taxes to improve their economy
65
Q

What things are stopping Brazil becoming a superpower?

A
  • Many unnavigable rivers = high transport costs, therefore more goods have to be transported by road which is more expensive to build
  • corruption
  • lack of infrastructure (favelas)
66
Q

What is the ‘open door policy’? when was it created?

A

Created in 1978. It means that countries can buy and sell goods without too many barriers or restrictions. This helps countries grow their economies, create jobs, and improve the lives of their people.

67
Q

Who did China trade with previously? why did it stop?

A

USSR - was no longer a good trading partner after WW2 and the cold war

68
Q

What is foreign investment? and why did china need it?

A

Other countries setting up business in the USA. China needed it for economic growth

69
Q

How did China attract foreign investment?

A

By offering lower tax rates

70
Q

Why does China want the South China sea?

A
  • trading connections
  • to exert force over other countries
  • for valuable resources (oil and fisheries)
71
Q

Why does China believe the South China sea belong to them?

A

due to naval expeditions and historical relevance

72
Q

What is the cabbage strategy?

A

When China uses ships to surround a piece of land and stop it from accessing resources and therefore, aiming to claim it as there own

73
Q

What has China enforced (in the air) to exert force on other contries?

A

It has established air restriction zones. Stop the access of resources

74
Q

Why is the USA getting involved with disputes over the south china sea?

A

The USA and the Philippines are allies against communist country China

75
Q

What is the naval rule given to all countries about their territory?

A

All countries are in ownership of all land within 200 miles of their shore

76
Q

What impact do China’s actions have on other countries? Why can’t these countries go against China?

A

Other countries are losing rightfully owned land, to China, that may have contained valuable resources. However, China has a strong military, therefore many countries cannot do much to combat its violence

77
Q

Why were they originally called the G8?

A

This is because they were joined by Russia in 1998, but Russia was suspended due to its activities in Ukraine

77
Q

What is the G7/G8?

A

A group of powerful HICs (USA, France, Germany, UK, Japan) that meet annually to discuss global matters

78
Q

What was the G7 originally established for?

A

It was originally established as a group of non-communist countries that were concerned about increasing oil prices, following OPEC’s decision to exert greater control over the world’s oil.

79
Q

Give 2 positives and 2 negatives of the G7/G8

A

+
- Leaders can discuss international security issues and coordinate responses, i.e. condemning Russia’s desire to take Crimea (country)
- Member countries can share information, research and practices to promote global cooperation and progress

-
- The G7 is quite exclusive and can lead to accusations about elitism and favouritism as it concentrates the majority of the world’s power in the hands of a select group of countries
- Primarily focuses on economic and political issues, and may not be addressing global challenges like climate change and migration

80
Q

How has the G7/8 allowed countries to become more interconnected?

A
  • Countries are working together on international security issues
  • countries work together to create economic policies
  • they can share info and resources of global issues
  • respond together on global health emergencies
81
Q

What is the G20?

A

An international group consisting of 19 countries and the EU

82
Q

What type of countries does the G20 bring together? Give a few examples

A

Brings together major advanced and emerging countries to discuss a wide range of global economic and financial issues - Argentina, Australia, Brazil, UK, USA, India, Indonesia, S. Korea, S. Africa

83
Q

What projects has the G20 been involved in?

A

-Coordinating responses to the 2008-9 financial crisis
-Covid -19

84
Q

Why might some of G20’s projects not have been carried out?

A

Decisions consist of informal, non-binding forums - not legally binding. Therefore, ideas are not forced by the law but simply acknowledged

85
Q

How has the G20 reached global connectivity?

A
  • Share ideas and resources on a global level
  • Larger network of countries than the G7/8
86
Q

Give 2 positives and negatives on the G20.

A

+
- a wider range of countries, so there is less elitism
- Provides a platform for international cooperation during crises allowing for faster and more coordinated responses

-
- Many argue that G20 meetings lack transparency, as many discussions occur behind closed doors, limiting public awareness and input
- Among 20 diverse countries with varying interests, priorities can be challenging and it may be harder for responses to be coordinated, leading to slow progress

87
Q

What is OPEC? Examples of OPEC countries. How many countries are there in total?

A

An organisation established to control the world’s oil markets. Examples (oil-rich countries): Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Kuwait - there are 13 countries in total.

88
Q

State 1 pros and 1 cons of OPEC

A

+
- Stabilises the oil prices to minimise fluctuations to benefit producer and consumer

-
- OPEC is heavily dependent on oil revenue, which can make economies more vunerable

89
Q

What is the World Bank? When was it established?

A

An organisation that provides financial assistance to developing countries worldwide (1944)

90
Q

How many member countries are in the world bank?

A

186

91
Q

What was the World Bank’s purpose through the years?

A

To initially reconstruct post-war Europe -> to developing schools and hospitals -> to reach the Millennium Development Goals

92
Q

How does the World bank increase connectivity? (5)

A
  • shared resources and knowledge
  • working and aiding LICs to meet the MDGs
  • international communication
  • disaster support (e.g. Gorkha, Nepal)
  • infrastructure development
93
Q

Name 2 pros and 2 cons of the World Bank?

A

+
- Promotes gender equality and social inclusion by supporting programs that empower women (e.g. helped more women enrol in schools in Nepal)
- Involved in global health initiatives to help combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in affected regions

-
- Although it represents 186 countries, it is run by a smaller number of rich countries (China, USA, Japan)
- At times promoted the privatisation of health services and added fees. This reduces the access to healthcare, delayed treatment and an increase in health disparities. This was done in Chile to reduce government expenditure

94
Q

What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A

A financial organisation that helps countries manage their money. They provide loans and financial advice to countries in need, especially when they are facing financial struggles.

95
Q

What is the IMF’s main goal?

A

The main goal is to promote economic stability by assisting countries in managing their finances, balancing budgets and addressing financial crises.

96
Q

What does the IMF monitor?

A

They monitor the global economy

97
Q

when was the IMF created? How many member countries did it have initially? And how many member countries does it have now?

A

The IMF was created in 1994 and had 45 initial members now it has 186 member countries

98
Q

Name two pros and two cons of the IMF

A

pros
- countries contribute to a funding pool which other countries can borrow on a temporary basis
- stabilises the global economy

cons
- many may argue that the IMF are unconcerned about democracy, human rights and labour rights
- the IMF is mostly controlled by major Western countries therefore some argue that other areas are underrepresented

99
Q

Who are the new development bank?

A

A financial organisation including the BRICS countries

100
Q

Who are the BRICS countries?

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

101
Q

What is the new development banks main goal?

A

Their main goal is to promote economic development and infrastructure projects in these member countries and other emerging/developing countries

102
Q

When was the new development bank founded? And where are their bank headquarters located?

A

They were founded in 2014 and the banks headquarters are in Shanghai

103
Q

How much do the BRICS contribute to the fund and what are their plans for each member?

A

The BRICS contributed $10 billion to their fund and their plans are to fund one project for each member of the organisation

104
Q

Name two examples of the projects that the new development bank has funded

A

-The NWB hydroelectric project in Brazil
-the Rural Road project in India

105
Q

Name one pro and one con of the new development bank.

A

Pros
-they provide funding for a range of projects for example sustainable development, and renewable energy to nonmember countries to stimulate economic growth and reduce property

cons
- it is still a new organisation with a small number of countries therefore they will have insufficient funds to meet infrastructural needs of countries

106
Q

What is merchandise trade?

A

Merchandise trade is the trading of physical products such as electronics and clothing

107
Q

What is trading in commercial services

A

This is the trade of services such as banking education and software development

108
Q

What has happened to the world’s merchandise trade from 2005 to 2015 and why?

A

Overall trade has almost doubled. This is because of an increase in economic growth in India/China which causes an increase in demand for goods and materials. Furthermore, an increase in trade agreements between countries in transportation makes trade more effective

109
Q

What’s happened to the world merchandise trade in 2008/9

A

In 2008/9 global trade decreased due to the 2008/9 financial crisis

110
Q

What happened in 2015 in relation to the world merchandise trade and why? China

A

In 2015 there was a decrease in global trade due to China having poor pollution. The cause of this poor pollution is because of factories and manufacturing. However the environmental restrictions posed on factories caused less goods to be made

111
Q

What happened in 2015 in relation to the world merchandise trade and why? Brazil

A

In 2015 Brazil had excess in oil production which meant the prices of oil decreased in order to get rid of oil fast

112
Q

Why is there an increase in merchandise trade rather than commercial service trade? (3)

A
  • commercial services are often more subjected to legal and security issues which makes it more difficult to transport them
  • services are often tailored to specific needs which may require language/cultural adaptations
  • many services depend on human expertise/labour which may be less portable than physical trade. This is due to immigration and labour regulations
113
Q

How has manufacturing changed from 2005 to 2015

A

In 2005 many high-income countries manufactured goods however in 2015 many developed countries depended on developing countries like China or India to import goods from as it was cheaper than making their own. Therefore manufacturing saw a decrease in developed countries than in developing countries as developed countries now focus their sights on Tertiary/quaternary sectors for example research development and the service sector

114
Q

What are the four types of aid

A

-Emergency relief
-development aid
-short/long term aid
-top-down and bottom-up aid

115
Q

What is emergency relief

A

This is immediate assistance provided to individuals or communities facing sudden crises like natural disasters or pandemics. This can include getting food and medication

116
Q

What is development aid

A

Usually given the form of money or technology to promote economic social and human development. This can be funding or equipment to improve health care and education

117
Q

What is short term aid

A

Essentially this is emergency aid as it provides immediate assistance

118
Q

It’s long-term aid

A

Essentially this is developmental aid as it provides support that is long-lasting

119
Q

What is top-down aid

A

And that has been organised by governments or international organisations

120
Q

What Is bottom-up AID

A

Decisions are formulated by local communities and then assisted from by governments

121
Q

Give 4 examples of people who give aid

A

-International organisations
-wealthier countries
-allied countries
-charities

122
Q

Name one pro of each type of aid (4)

A

Bottom up aid:
- directly addresses specific needs

top down aid:
- address widespread issues for better outcomes

short-term aid:
- provides immediate relief to save lives

long term aid:
- addresses social and economic issues over time

123
Q

Name for cons of each type of aid? (4)

A

Bottom up aid:
- project may lack resources and money to continue development

top down aid:
- does not address specific needs

short-term aid:
- is not effective in the long term

long term aid:
projects may be slow depending on the scale of them

124
Q

What is a loan

A

A loan is an example of a global flow. It is usually in the form of money that is given from a high-income country to a lower-income country

125
Q

What are 2 pros of a loan?

A

One benefit is that it can help fund development projects education healthcare
it can strengthen relations with countries

126
Q

Name four disadvantages of loans

A

-It has to be paid back usually with interest
-countries may end up in debt
-they provide a small financial burden on the high-income country of money loss
-countries may be unlikely to invest if the project may fail

127
Q

What are structural adjustment programs

A

They aimed to help countries facing economic challenges by providing financial assistance but often came with conditions like reducing government spending. The goal was to improve economic stability and growth

128
Q

What are remittances?

A

This refers to the transfer of money typically by foreign workers to the home countries

129
Q

Give 1 benefit of remittances

A

It decreases poverty because lower-income country individuals get food and water from the money

130
Q

Give one disadvantage of remittances

A

Migration of skilled workers result in a lack of skilled workers in home countries this is called brain drain and it may impact local development

131
Q

What is a Tariff

A

This is when taxes placed against exports

132
Q

What are quotas

A

It is a limit on the number of products that can be exported

133
Q

What are illegal flows

A

Illegal movement of goods and people across borders/inside the same country

134
Q

Name three examples of illegal flows

A

-Human trafficking
-counterfeit goods
-narcotics

135
Q

Give three reasons why human trafficking occurs

A

-For forced marriage
-for forced criminal activity
-for child soldiers

136
Q

Which demographic of people are most affected by illegal flows

A

-Children
-impoverished people
-minority groups
-displaced people

137
Q

Why are illegal flows so common in Africa

A
  • Due to poverty, many people face economic challenges and therefore are more vulnerable to trafficking
  • there is a lack of awareness
    -there is gender inequality: more girls and women are affected by trafficking
    -Africa has a weak legal system and law-enforcement systems which are less capable of combating human trafficking
138
Q

Why is illegal flow so common in Europe

A

Europe tends to be the destination for migrants and refugees that were vulnerable to illegal flows which are promised economic opportunities

139
Q

What are counterfeit goods

A

Counterfeit goods are fraudulent/fake goods

140
Q

Three things counterfeit goods are responsible for

A

-Health implications
-environmental damage (for example fake dies in water supplies)-
Labour exploitation (child labour- Unsafe working conditions)

141
Q

How are fake goods usually moved

A

Through shipping containers

142
Q

What is drug-trafficking

A

A major global trade involving the cultivation, manufacturing, distribution and sale of illegal substances

143
Q

Why is it harder to detect smugglers using drug trafficking

A

Due to globalisation, more borders and trade routes are open so it’s harder to detect smugglers

144
Q

What is aid for trade

A

Aid for trade refers to financial and technical assistance provided to help developing countries improve their trade infrastructure

145
Q

Give two positives of aid for trade

A
  • improves economic performance in lower-income countries
    -it supports projects relating to infrastructure, health, agriculture and education
146
Q

Give two negatives of aid for trade

A

-It is difficult to make sure that the aid is effectively used and reaches the intended sectors
-it may create a dependency on aid

147
Q

Name two contrasting examples of TNCs and their global strategies and supply chains

A

-Starbucks
-Apple

148
Q

What is foreign direct investment

A

FDI is the investment by a company into the structures, equipment or organisations of a foreign country

149
Q

What is offshoring

A

This refers to the practice of moving business operations/services to another country. For example when a country set up a call centre in a different country to save costs

150
Q

What is outsourcing

A

When a company hires another company in a different location to do certain tasks/provide services. For example when a company hires a graphic designer from a different country to create their logo

151
Q

Briefly explain how Apple offshores

A

Apple manufactures products in countries with lower production costs: China. This is because it is more cost-efficient, and increases global production. However, it is mundane and repetitive work

152
Q

Briefly explain how Apple outsources

A

Apple outsources tasks like software development/customer support as it is more cost-efficient due to decreased labour costs

153
Q

Briefly explain apples supply chain

A

-Apple has suppliers in six continents sourcing raw materials
-Apple heavily relies on logistics and transportation

154
Q

Why isn’t Apple big in India

A

-India is cost-sensitive and Apple is a very expensive brand in relation to other phone companies
-Apple has a lack of Indian-customised apps to other phone companies

155
Q

How does Starbucks use globalisation to expand into international markets

A

-They change the menu to fit the region (China: Matcha green tea to appeal to the local drinking culture)
-incorporates local ingredients (red bean green tea frappuccino: Asian countries)
-designs of stores may be changed to match local architecture to connect with the local community, to provide a more personalised experience

156
Q

Briefly describe Starbuck’s supply chain

A

Starbucks sources coffee from around the world and insures fair trade with farmers

157
Q

Why did Starbucks fail in Australia

A

-Australia already had a well-established coffee culture with a strong coffee market (due to the influx of Italian migrants into Australia)
-Starbuck’s American-style coffee did not appeal to them
-Starbucks has a higher price than local stores
-local coffee chains had already built a loyal customer base

Geography (8 decks)

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