Changing Population - Paper 2 Flashcards
Factors affecting how population varies between places (5)
- Economic opportunities
- Quality of life
- Geographic factors
- Government policies
- Social and cultural factors
What is population density?
The number of people living in a given area
Population/area = people/Km2
What is population distribution?
The location of people within an area
What is a megacity
A city with more than 10 million inhabitants
What is the core and the periphery
Core - the more developed part of a country
Periphery-the less developed part of the country
Name 4 disadvantages of megacities
Any 4 from:
-Overpopulation
-housing shortages
-negative environmental impact
-increased risk of disease
-social inequality
-Strain on healthcare/ education/ services
-Lack of land
What is gross national income per capita formula
the value of a country’s goods and services divided by the number of people living in that country
Give three physical reasons for global distribution and why
- Relief and landforms
The shape and elevation of the land affects the accessibility, soil quality, drainage and natural hazards of an area - Climate and weather
Temperate climates with stable weather conditions are more attractive for settlements - Soil types and quality
Volcanic areas can be highly attractive due to the fertile soil and resources and minerals (sulphur, gold, diamonds etc.) brought to the surface for economic activity
and flat land is attractive for building settlements and easiest for agricultural activities
Why is India and China more populated
-Historical and cultural factors
-large land area
-high birth rate and improved healthcare
-economic opportunities
Name three human factors that determine population distribution
-Economic opportunities
-the standard of living (access to services)
-government policies (political stability)
Look at ESS flashcards to study DTM in ‘Human resource and use’ topic because honestly i cba to rewrite the whole thing here, as the topics overlap
:)
Name two contrasting examples of an uneven population distribution and explain them
France- 67 million
People live in Paris or on the coast/near other major cities. It has a major sphere of influence pulling people to the area. Very few people live in the mountains and external migration is from elsewhere into Paris, whereas internal migration is a way from Paris to the coast
Ethiopia- 105 million
People live near the mountains (cultural factors) and the capital city of Addis Ababa. To the east is dry and barren land with a little population
In France why are the majority of the population located near Paris or the coast
Paris-
Job opportunities
City life
Tourism
The coast -
Water source
Tourism
Agriculture
Warm
Trade
Why are most people located in the mountains in Ethiopia
Most people live in mountainous regions in Ethiopia because it is more hospitable than deserts, there is more rainfall for agriculture, there are more transport links along the river for more business and it is the source of the Nile
Name as many factors as you can that affect natural increase, fertility rate, life expectancy and population structure
-Healthcare
-access to contraception/women empowerment
-migration
-war
-natural disasters (disease)
-the wealth of the country
Name two contrasting countries (case study) that are examples of the processes of population change
-Chad
-Italy
Explain how the age/sex pyramids for Chad differ to Italy
-Chad
Chad’s age/ sex pyramid shows a youthful population in stage two. It has a high birth rate and a high death rate showing hardly any change to the structure over time and a short life expectancy
-Italy
However, Italy’s age/sex pyramid shows an ageing population in stage five with a very high life expectancy. This is because of a low birth rate and a low death rate causing the overall population to slow down
What is the total dependency ratio formula
(Population 0-14+population 64 >) / (working age population 15-64) x 100
What is the child dependency ratio formula
Population 0-14/working age population 15-64 x 100
What is the old age dependency ratio
Population 64>/working age population 15-64 x 100
What is the dependency ratio
The dependency ratio is a ratio between the number of dependents (0-14 and above 64) versus the number of independents (working age)
What does a high dependency ratio mean
The higher the ratio the greater the number of dependents
Name the case study for a contemporary mega-city experiencing rapid growth
Mumbai
What are the problems with Mumbai
- There is a huge divide in wealth and poverty.
- There is Rapid City growth creating:
-Poverty
-Unemployment
-Poor sanitation
-Lack of access to electricity
-Limited access to healthcare/education
-Lack of proper sewage system
Name three facts about Dharavi
-It is the main slum in south Mumbai
-it is 2 km² wide and holds 1 million people
-due to its proximity to Mumbai’s financial district, there is great pressure to clear parts of Dharavi for modern developments
Benefits of Dharavi
(3)
-Informal activities provide livelihood for lots of residents
-Major recycling and pottery industries
-there’s a great sense of community
cons of Dharavi
Working conditions are poor and recycling industry can be dangerous
What is forced migration and name the three different types
The displacement of individuals or groups from their homes due to various factors beyond their control.
-Conflict induced displacement
-development induced displacement
-disaster-induced displacement
What is conflict-induced displacement
People who are forced to move due to armed conflict such as civil wars, violence or persecution
What is development induced displacement
This includes people forced to move as a result of a large-scale infrastructure project for example the GERD
What is disaster-induced displacement
Natural disasters resulting in a large number of people being displaced
What is a refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their home country due to persecution, war, violence, or other circumstances that threaten their safety or well-being.
What is a trafficked person
A person who is moved by deception or coercion for the purpose of exploitation and profit
What is an asylum seeker
A person who has left their country of origin in search of protection in another country
What are smuggled people
People moved illegally for profit
Name two example countries of forced movements
-Syria
-Bangladesh
What are the push factors for people in Syria
-War
-the Syrian president’s political regimes have known to be against his own people in order to stay in power
What are the impacts of refugee migration from Syria on Lebanon (include environmental impact)
- 1,500,000 Syrian refugees in Lebanon, half of whom are children
- 1/4 of Lebanon’s population are fleeing Syrians
- Lebanon has suffered severe economic strain on health and education services, electricity, water and sanitation systems
- humanitarian appeal has only received one-eighth of the funds
- schools have been forced to provide places for up to 100,000 children
Environmental impact:
- clearing woodlands
- burning trees
- an increase in waste
due to the influx of Syrians into Lebanon
What are the push factors of Bangladesh’s climate migration
Climate change = sea level rising = increase the level of floods = lack of food production
Explain the consequences of Bangladesh’s climate migration
People move from the countryside into the megacity of Dhaka:
-increasing population
-there is an increase in waste and water pollution
-lack of jobs-increase in illegal jobs
-cultural tensions
-an increase in cyclones due to climate change means that land is flooded therefore there is a loss in agriculture. This means there is lower food production and less reliable income. Therefore useful land is lost
In Bangladesh, why is it that when land is flooded it decreases the level of food production
When land is flooded salts from the sea seeps into the soil. This increases the soil salinity meaning crops cannot grow
What is an ageing population. Name two advantages and two disadvantages
An ageing population is a population where the birth and death rate are low, so there is a majority of people over the age of 60
Pros:
-older populations are less likely to use their own transport, so less carbon emissions (from public transport)
-help instil and protect older traditions/values
Cons:
-fewer working people to work for the dependent population and therefore a weaker economy
-Older population means they are more at risk of illnesses putting a strain on healthcare systems
Describe the family size distribution around the world (HICs vs LICs)
HIC:
- HICs have smaller household sizes due to women empowerment and therefore a lower birth rate
LICs:
-there are larger families found in LIC due to a lack of contraception/ women empowerment and religion
Name a policy relating to ageing societies
Do it for Denmark pro-natalist policy
What is a pronatalist policy
A policy that encourages the population of a country to increase their birth rate
What is an antinatalist policy
A policy that discourages the increase of the birth rate
Name an antinatalist policy
The one-child policy, China
Name two ways that a country could increase their population
-Longer/paid maternity leave
-free healthcare/education for children
Name three ways that a country could decrease their population
-Free contraception
-Women empowerment/education of women
-increased costs on childcare, education, baby products
What is China’s one child policy
It was a population control policy restricting couples to having only one child from 1979 to 2016
Name three advantages and three disadvantages of the one child policy
Advantage:
- it reduced the population by 300 million over its first 20 years alone
- the birth rate decreased to 17 per 1000 from 33 per 1000 in 1970
- the overpopulation did not increase after 2016 because people had adjusted to one child per couple
Disadvantage:
- there was a disparate gender ratio of 118 males to every 100 females (boys were favoured)
- there was an increase in the trafficking of women into China as there was fewer women to marry
- it was critised and considered morally incorrect as it restricted peoples human rights to have more children
Name two advantages and two disadvantages of pronatalist policies
Advantage:
-more children equals a larger workforce
-stronger economy
Disadvantage:
-do not often work because it is usually installed in a country which already has a high women empowerment, there a lower BR
-incentives may be expensive
Name one country that has benefited from a demographic dividend
Ethiopia - due to an increase in standard of living, increasing popularity of family planning, and more girls staying in school for longer, the fertility rates are dropping significantly. This causes accelerated economic growth, as less time is put into caring for children, and more into the workforce
Name an organisation that installs anti-trafficking policies
The UN
What is the demographic dividend
the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure
