Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Global trends in consumption > Flashcards

Global trends in consumption Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

what is meant by the “new global middle class”

A

The growth of the middle class demographic that causes an increase in: resource consumption, demand, and expectations of living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what has been the impact of the MDG around the world

A
  • increase in global middle class
  • 1965: total number of middle class was 732 million out of 3.3 billion
  • 2030: estimated middle class will be 4.9 billion out of 8 billion people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define biocapacity

A

land and water to provide resources for humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define ecological footprint

A

hypothetical area of land required by a society, group or an individual to fufill all their resource needs and assimilate all their waste and measured in global hectares (ha). For example, a country with an ecological footprint of 3.2 times its geographical area consumes resources that would require a land area 3.2 times the actual size of the country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name 3 positives of increasing population

A
  • rapid innovation -> boosts economy
  • expansion of market size for goods
  • Asia - 53% of global GDP in 2050
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name 3 negatives of an increasing population

A
  • higher waste disposal
  • increased energy demand
  • increase consumption of foreign goods can have disastrous environmental impacts (cattle rearing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the distribution of biocapacity globally

A
  • high biocapacity in rainforests, icier regions
  • low biocapacity in desert areas -> MENA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the distribution of the ecological footprint globally

A
  • high EF in HIC
  • low EF in LIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is a high ecological footprint bad or worse

A
  • high ecological footprint is bad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

do the trends of the growth of the middle class continue? + example

A

No
-> 1960s -> Brazil and S Korea experienced similar growth rates and income
-> 1980s -> Brazil’s middle class accounted for less than 30% of the population, and South Korea was more than 50% of to the population
-> due to South Korea’s growth over Brazil, it could diversify its economy away from export–consumption to domestic consumption
-> not all middle class has economic security. Many are on $4 incomes and remain vulnerable to unemployment, unemployment and informal jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

factors used in full ecological footprint

A
  • bioproductive land and sea
  • energy land
  • built land (urban)
  • biodiversity land
  • non-productive land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the global trend of the middle class

A

A huge shift in the middle class to Asia from Europe and North America:
-> estimated 400 million in the middle class by 2030 in most parts of Asia in especially: India, China, Indonesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the water-food-energy Nexus concept?

A

Refers to the close link between these three sectors, and stresses the need for stewardship of these resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an ecological creditor

A

An ecological creditor is a country with an ecological footprint lower than their carrying capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is ecological debtor

A

An ecological debtor is a country with an ecological footprint greater than their carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the global distribution of ecological debtors

A

Higher income countries: North America, Europe, MENA, Central/East Asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the global distribution of ecological creditors

A

South America, South Africa, Oceania, Scandinavia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name three factors affecting Nexus

A

-Climate change
-urging economies means higher resource use (BRICS)
Pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name the four key benefits of Nexus-based adaptations

A

-Goal
-core principles
Main focus
-broad strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Briefly explain the benefits of the goal of a Nexus-based adaptation

A

The goal in order to use resources efficiently to achieve water, energy and food security objectives in order to build adaptive capacity against climate change risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Briefly explain the benefits of the core principles of an Nexus based adaptation

A

The principle aims to minimise resource waste and increase economic efficiency by managing and reducing vulnerability to climate change risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Briefly explain the benefits of the main focus of an Nexus based adaptation

A

Provided integrated solutions at multiple scales in order to minimise shock, risks and vulnerability with climate change to reduce overall poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Briefly explained the benefits of broad strategies in an nexus based adaptation

A

Broad strategies include policy integration, harmonisation and governance to generate co-benefits across all sectors and stakeholders. This helps build resilience for climate change mitigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the benefits of knowing the ecological footprint of an area?

A
  • can act as a model for monitoring the environmental impact
  • allow for direct comparisons between groups and individuals (HICs and LICs)
  • Can highlight sustainable and unsustainable lifestyles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

estimated remaining world supplies of non-renewable resources:
- fossil fuels
- ecosystems
- minerals

A
  • fossil fuels = 40 years left
  • ecosystems = 100 years left
  • minerals = 45 years left (however some as short as 10-20 years left)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does a country increase their ecological footprint (3)

A
  • having a large per capita consumption of food (i.e. having a meat-rich diet)
  • high levels of imported foods
  • relying heavily on fossil fuels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how does a country decrease their ecological footprint (3)

A
  • improving the efficiency of resources
  • reducing its population to reduce its resource use
  • using technology to intensify land use (GM crops to increase yield on the same area of land)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is Earth Overshoot Day

A

The day in the year when humanity has used up all the resources that it takes the planet to regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how do nations ecological footprints compare?

A

HICs ->
- more disposable income
- high demand of energy resources and consumption
- produce far more waste than LICs as by-products of pollution
- HICs are usually high meat-eating countries, which take up more land and energy, as animals take 90% of the energy they eat for respiration and mobility
- greater reliance on fossil fuels

LICs ->
- lower disposable income
- the informal economy has led to an increase in recycling
- more commonly veg countries, that use less energy to grow more crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

name 1 HIC and 1 LIC comparing ecological footprints

A

HIC: France
- Ecological footprint: 4.5 Hectares per person

LIC: Ethiopia
- Ecological footprint: 1.0 Hectares per person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

To what extent is a future global increase in ecological footprint inevitable due to a rapid growth of the Middle class (10 marks) For and Against

A

For:
- increasing global population rapidly -> high proportion of middle class
- greater disposable income
- higher living standards
- greater demand for energy resources
- greater marketing towards ultra-processed food with a higher price)
- glocalisation has made it harder to resist ultra-processed food from TNCs, as they have adapted their products to the culture in the country they operate in
- more waste created

Against:
- alternate technological advancements/ renewable energy resources that limit the impact of a country’s ecological footprint
- introduction of population policies to reduce population and control ecological footprint
- become part of international economic policies (Kyoto Protocol)
- increased awareness and education

Therefore, the rapid growth of the middle class will inevitably have a major increase on the global ecological footprint as development in that country increases but can be limited by how it is managed and restricted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the global patterns and trends in water availability and consumption

A
  • HIC: high industrial use (60%)
  • LIC: high agricultural use
  • water availability will decrease in many regions
    ->, i.e. 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa live in a water-scarce environment, and Central and Southern Europe are predicted to get drier as a result of climate change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how important is water?

A
  • 97.5% is salty
  • 2.5% is fresh water
  • 2/3 of fresh water is in glaciers
  • domestic, agricultural and industrial use
  • 1.2 million live in water scarcity
  • increase demand for water
  • global pop has tripled, and demand has increased by 6x
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

name 4 reasons that cause the trend of an increase in pressure to manage water

A
  • population growth -> set to reach 9 billion by 2050 (some say it may reach a peak of 11 billion)
  • the growing middle class -> increasing affluence leads to greater water consumption, for example, showers, baths, gardening
  • tourism and agriculture -> increased water usage for swimming pools, water parks and golf courses
  • urbanisation -> Urban areas require significant investment in water and sanitation facilities to get water to people and to remove waste products hygienically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is virtual water

A

how water is transferred from one country to another through its exports, i.e. in clothes, food, flowers, manufactured goods

36
Q

what are the continental patterns with virtual water

A
  • most virtual water is being exported from south-east/south Asia and South America to Europe
37
Q

why is virtual water important + how can countries become dependant on it (is this good)

A
  • allows countries to outsource their water from countries that have more water resources = dependency
  • for example: Mexico imports maize, and saves 12 billion cubic metres of water each year
  • if there are conflicts in the country you are importing from, that can affect many aspects of our country
38
Q

why do people eat more convenience food as the level of economic development increases?

A
  • food consumption is price-dependant
  • in LICs, an increase in economic development increases the calorie intake, because people have a greater disposable income
  • Rising incomes allow for priority of convenience over cost
  • shifting lifestyles, like changes in work culture, provide less cooking time
  • Globalisation -> International companies expand to other nations
  • Dietary changes -> varied diets arise, and often in processed forms
39
Q

what is the impact of food production? (Brazil - case study)

A
  • reached the most remote parts of Brazil
  • 1 million new cases of obesity
  • destruction of dietary diversity (changing from traditional diet to processed food diet due to increasing economic power and targeted marketing towards ultra-processed foods)
40
Q

what is the difference between adaptation and mitigation

A

adaptation - making changes to something that has already happened
mitigation - making changes to prevent something happening

41
Q

why has energy insecurity risen? (6)

A
  • increasing demand, especially from newly industrialising countries
  • decreased reserves as supplies are being used up
  • global warming and natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, have increased awareness about the misuse of energy
  • terrorist activities such as in Syria
  • The conflict between Russia and Ukraine
  • where countries get energy from a sole supplier
42
Q

who controls the majority of the global oil reserves

A

Middle East

43
Q

The USA consumes over 200 million barrels per day, why is this an issue?

A

Because they have far fewer reserves of oil, they need to source from somewhere else

44
Q

how does the middle east benefit?

A

source of oil for the USA

45
Q

how does the USA keep good relations with the Middle East for oil

A
  • ensures political stability in the Middle East
  • maintains good political links with the Middle East
  • involves the Middle East in economic cooperation
46
Q

Why is the demand for fossil fuels increasing in LICs?

A

-> because of their rising population, rising incomes and technological advancements

47
Q

who has a higher demand for fossil fuels and why?

A

HICs, because the economies of hICs have been based on a high-energy generation built on fossil fuels

48
Q

name 3 adv of fossil fuels

A
  • relatively cheap
  • plentiful
  • technologies have been developed for the same extraction and use of fossil fuels
49
Q

name 3 dis.adv of fossil fuels

A
  • most important contributor to the build-up of carbon dioxide
  • unsustainable -> finite stock
  • extraction may be more difficult as mines get deeper and oil rigs are placed further out to sea, such as in the Gulf of Mexico
50
Q

3 pros of wind energy

A
  • efficient use of land space
  • low operating costs
  • can work in multiple settings
51
Q

3 cons of wind energy

A
  • noise and visual pollution
  • construction can cause local disturbances
  • reliant on wind to work
52
Q

pro of tidal energy

A
  • more powerful energy source than wind
53
Q

2 pros of wave energy

A
  • reliable
  • zero emissions
54
Q

3 cons of tidal energy

A
  • initial cost is very high
  • effect on animals and plants living near tidal stations
  • very few suitable sites for constructing barrages
55
Q

2 cons of wave energy

A
  • scalability
  • high costs
56
Q

what is nuclear power

A

Use of fission reactors (uranium is bombarded with neutrons) to make it unstable so it splits apart to release energy to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine

57
Q

nuclear power pros (6)

A
  • emission-free
  • sustainable
  • has a small footprint
  • 50% of USA power is from nuclear power
  • big investment in smaller reactors that are safer, cheaper, portable and easier to operate
  • can be used 24/7, whereas other renewable sources (like solar) can only be used at a specific time
  • can be operated remotely -> reduce risk to human life
58
Q

nuclear power cons (3)

A
  • produces radioactive nuclear waste
  • changed perspective against nuclear power due to accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima
  • expensive
59
Q

3 adv of HEP

A
  • created water reserves as well as energy supplies
  • high quality energy output, with low energy input
  • reservoirs used for amenity
60
Q

3 disadv of HEP

A
  • costly to build
  • have to relocate people to flood the area
  • have major environmental issues with the life cycles of marine animals
61
Q

2 adv of biomass

A
  • cheap and readily available
  • if crops are replanted, biomass can be used for a long time
62
Q

3 disadv of biomass

A
  • maybe replacing food crops on finite cropland and lead to starvation
  • when burned, it still releases atmospheric pollutants
  • if crops are not replanted, it is now non-renewable
63
Q

3 disadv of solar energy

A
  • need sunshine, do not work in the dark
  • need maintenance regularly
  • manufacture and implementation can be costly
64
Q

4 adv of solar energy

A
  • potentially infinite supply
  • safe to use
  • single dwellings can have their own energy supply
  • northern countries have limited supply in winter
65
Q

how do we get solar energy?

A

from the conversion of solar radiation into energy via chemical energy

66
Q

2 adv of waste

A
  • readily available
  • does not deplete natural capital
67
Q

1 dis.adv of waste

A
  • burning waste adds to global warming
68
Q

what is peak oil?

A

refers to the year in which the world or an individual oil-producing country reaches its highest level of production, with production declining thereafter

69
Q

why does peak oil vary from country to country?

A
  • discovered in the 1960s
  • but the usage of oil passed the amount found in 1980s
  • has different rates of usage and discovery around the world, because advancements in technology and mining have allowed some countries to discover more than others
70
Q

have we reached peak oil? why can’t we be sure?

A
  • reliable data is jealously guarded
  • peak oil can be affected by many other factors
  • countries are discovering and using oil and different rates
71
Q

what is the change in global energy demand

A
  • HICs = major consumers of energy
  • NICs = increasingly rapid demand
  • Energy resources are used in large quantities for manufacturing and transport
  • Non-renewable resources are still used due to the fact there are recoverable resources and the infrastructure is already in place to use these
72
Q

what are the top 3 producers of energy + figures

A
  • China - 2614 million tonnes
  • USA - 1881 million tonnes
  • Russia - 1340 million tonnes
73
Q

what are the top 3 consumers of energy + figures

A
  • China - 3022 million tonnes
  • USA - 2188 million tonnes
  • India - 775 million tonnes
74
Q

what are the facts and figures relating to a change in global energy demand

A
  • 2016 -> OECD countries accounted for 42% of energy use
    -> China = 23%
    -> Africa = 4%
  • by 2040 -> OECD countries will account for 35% of energy use
    -> China = 23%
  • Africa 5%
75
Q

why is there a change in global energy demand?

A
  • LICs and MICs will continue to grow faster than HICs, but their consumption remains low in comparison
  • As economic growth rates slow down as economies mature, there may be a small decline in the use of energy
  • However, countries with high living standards will consume large amounts of energy and import many goods and services
  • Nevertheless, new sources of energy may emerge (like, fracking and tar sands), and BRICS and other emerging economies will demand and increasing proportion of the world’s energy resources
76
Q

Examine the changing importance of three energy alternatives to oil (10 marks) - PLAN

A

Intro:
- background on oil, and how it continues to fuel the modern world. No other substance on Earth can equal the enormous impact that oil use has had on so many people, so rapidly, in so many ways. Oil is the basis for the manufacture of petrochemical products including plastics, medicines, paints and a huge number of other useful materials

Paragraph 1: Nuclear
+ adv of nuclear and its use and infrastructure

Paragraph 2: Wind
+ adv of wind and its use and infrastructure

Paragraph 3: Solar
+ adv of solar and its use and infrastructure

-> will explore the extent to which these energy alternatives could be used as a long term replacement for oil, and their changing importance at different levels of economic development

77
Q

what is nexus

A

the interrelationship, interdependence and interactions between water, food and energy

78
Q

what is the nexus approach

A

stresses the need for stewardship of these resources

79
Q

what are the sustainable development goals (SDGs)

A

The 17 SDGs were introduced in 2015 and are set to exist until 2030. They replaced the millennium development goals that existed between 2000 and 2015

80
Q

Case study (a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, South Asia)

how many people of the global pop and what percentage of water and land does the south Asian population rely on?

A

population: 66% of global population
water consumption: 59% of global water consumption
land usage: 3% globally

81
Q

Case study (a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, South Asia)

name 4 Himalayan ecosystem services + examples of each

A
  • provisioning: freshwater, raw minerals
  • regulating: climate regulation, biological control
  • supporting: erosion control, recharging groundwater
  • cultural: recreation, traditional knowledge and practices of conservation
82
Q

Case study (a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, South Asia)

name two ways (facts) the Hindu Kush population is undernourished

A
  • per capita arable land is continually declining due to population growth, urbanisation and increasing biofuel cultivation to meet energy demand
  • food production is becoming increasingly water and energy dependent, therefore agricultural growth is constrained due to a shortage of water and energy supplies and a declining water table
83
Q

Case study (a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, South Asia)

name two ways (facts) the Hindu Kush population experience water stress

A
  • there is a high dependence from downstream communities on upstream communities for water to grow food and for hydropower, as HKH rivers are the lifeline for irrigation in the dry season
  • growing water demand is expected to increase by 55% since 2005, as there is increased water pollution. This leads to waterborne diseases, high child mortality and poor human health
84
Q

Case study (a nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, South Asia)

name two ways (facts) the Hindu Kush population experience energy stress

A
  • 63% of the population is without access to electricity, and 65% use biomass for cooking, due to a growing demand for water and land for energy production
  • hydropower in the Himalayas is limited in places due to the risk of causing landslides, therefore energy diversification is needed to meet growing demands (having different sources of energy)
85
Q

Case study (Improving food security in South Africa)

what are the issues being faced in south africa for their agricultural potential

A
  • 10% reduction is rainfall = 4% reduction in maize fields
  • increased temperatures means a decrease in potato production
86
Q

Case study (Improving food security in South Africa)

what are the solutions in south africa for their agricultural potential

A
  • diversification of crops
  • changes in planting times
  • greater use of shade crops
  • change from flood irrigation to sprinkler irrigation
87
Q

Case study (Improving food security in South Africa)

what are the consequences of climate change on food security in South Africa

A

impacts on crop productivity:
- increase in temperature and changes in the timing, frequency and amount of rainfall has harmed agricultural systems
- In the dry western areas, crop production will become more marginal, while in the high- potential eastern areas there may be a slight increase in production

Geography (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions