Human Defenses 2022 mock

Question 1

How does the nose defend against infection?

Answer 1

• contains tiny hairs that trap pathogens

- Produces mucus

Question 2

What does mucus contain that helps with pathogen defense?

Answer 2

• contains mucin which has antibacterial properties

- traps pathogens

Question 3

How do the trachea and bronchi defend against a pathogen?

Answer 3

• contains ciliated epithelial cells which moves mucus up to the nose.

Question 4

Why does the stomach contain acid?

Answer 4

• the acid destroys pathogens that enter the stomach.

- the stomach also contains acids to breakdown food.

Question 5

What specific acid is in the stomach?

Answer 5

• Hydrochloric acid

- HCl

Question 6

If a person gets a cut on their skin why should they put a plaster over it?

Answer 6

• as a fresh wound is open, one of the main skin defenses is compromised - the protective barrier.
• this means that pathogens can enter the body through the open wound.

Question 7

Why should you put an antiseptic wipe over a cut before covering it?

Answer 7

• antiseptics kill and prevent the spread of viruses, bacteria and fungi
• this means that they prevent any infection or pathogen from entering the wound

Question 8

What are platelets role in the body?

Answer 8

• they clot blood.
• during a cut there is a hole in the physical barrier so platelets form a scab/ clot over the hole preventing blood loss and spread of pathogens.

Question 9

Platelets are full cells, True / False

Explain.

Answer 9

False- they aren’t full cells.
during clot forming they encourage proteins to come together, forming a mesh, getting stuck in it. Red blood cells then get stuck with the platelets which prevents blood loss and pathogen spread in the, now, covered wound.

Question 10

What is a pathogen?

Answer 10

• an organism causing disease

Question 11

List 4 non- specific defenses the body has.

Answer 11

• nose= mucus production
• skin= physical barrier
• stomach= contains acid
• skin= produced lysozyme in sweat.

Question 12

What is lysozyme?

Answer 12

• an enzyme that is found in sweat that helps kill pathogens.

Question 13

Difference between specific defenses and Non -specific defenses.

Answer 13

• non-specific = the initial prevention of pathogen spread, defenses that are used first.
• specific = found in the immune system and are aimed at destroying invaders- memory cells etc.