Human Breathing Flashcards
nose function
air inhaled
airborne bacteria filtered
air moistened and warmed - allows it to diffuse into capillaries easier
pharynx function
contains epiglottis and larynx
epiglottis
flap of tissue preventing food/water entering windpipe
larynx function
produce sound by vibration (2 vocal cords)
trachea function
air is passed into bronchi
mucous captures materials and dust
cilia allow for upwards movement of mucous past epiglottis and down oesophagus
how is trachea protected
rings of cartilage (fibrous protein) - prevents it closing in on itself
cilia
tiny hairs
bronchi and bronchioles
trachea divides into bronchi then into bronchioles
location of bronchi
lungs
alveoli function
gas exchange
gas exchange
oxygen from air enters capillaries in exchange for carbon dioxide
adaptations of gas exchange
thin walled
numerous capillaries and alveoli
moist
elastic
process of gas exchange
occurs through diffusion
oxygen travels through body by red blood cells
combines with haemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin
carbon dioxide travels through blood by plasma
relationship of our brain and breathing
controlled by medulla oblongata
carbon dioxide levels in blood trigger breathing rate
carbon dioxide dissolved in water forms carbonic acid
causes pH of blood to fall from normal value of 7.4
can denature enzymes in body
inhalation
message sent from brain to muscles and diagram
muscles use energy (ATP) to contract(passive process)
ribs pulled up and out and diagram down
volume of thorax increases
pressure in thorax decreases
external air pressure is now higher than in the thorax so air is forced into lungs
exhalation
intercostal muscles and diagram relax(passive process)
ribs move down and in and diagram curves up
volume of thorax decreases
pressure in thorax increases
air forced out of lungs
% of oxygen inhaled
21
%of carbon dioxide inhaled
0.04
water concentration inhaled
low
% of oxygen exhaled
14
% of carbon dioxide exhaled
5.6
water concentration exhaled
high
effect of exercise on breathing
increases rate of respiration - particularly in muscle cells
exhalation is usually passive but brain detects increased rate of respiration
resulting in exhalation becoming active to remove as much carbon dioxide as possible - deeper, faster breathing
formula of respiration
food + oxygen
➡️
carbon dioxide + water + energy
what cell produces co2
mitochondria
asthma definition
difficulty breathing caused by narrowing of bronchioles
muscles in bronchiole walls contract causing inflammation off wall lining
asthma symptoms
wheezy breathing and feeling of breathlessness
asthma causes
dust/allergens (ie pollen)
asthma prevention
stay away from dust and allergens
asthma treatment
inhalers - widen bronchioles
steroids - reduce inflammation
other name for inhalers
bronchodilators
