Enzymes Flashcards
Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable conditions in our bodies
(pH of blood, oxygen in blood, body temperature)
Name Sources of Energy
Solar & cellular
What is solar energy? + name something that takes in this energy
Primary source of energy
+ some pigments (like chlorophyll)
what occurs when solar energy is stored?
chemical bonds formed in biomolecules
photosynthesis
How plants make food
formula for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water ➡️sunlight,chlorophyll
glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H20
➡️
C6H12O6 + 6O2
what is cellular energy?
energy released by reactions in cell
What happens in cellular reactions
biomolecules broken down, bonds broken & energy released
what are enzymes?
catalysts made up of protein
catalysts
alter rate of reaction without being used up
features of enzymes
produced by ribosomes
globular
what substance do enzymes act on?
substrate (starch/amylose)
what substance do enzymes form?
product (maltose)
formula for enzyme
substrate + enzyme ➡️
enzyme substrate complex ➡️
product + enzyme
what is role of enzymes
used in metabolic reactions
types of enzymes in metabolic reactions (eg)
-catabolic enzyme
(amylase - amylose ➡️ maltose) -anabolic enzyme
(opposite)
factors of enzyme reactions (+formula)
reversible
substrate+enzyme
➡️⬅️
product +enzyme
how are enzymes named?
add ‘ase’ to substrate
inhibitors
attach to enzymes and denature them
factors affecting enzymes
temperature & pH
what happens to enzymes at low temperatures ?
ice forms, liquids become solids, enzymes cant work
what happens to enzymes as temperatures increase?
molecules move and bump into one another causing rate of reaction to increase
what happens to enzymes at high temperatures
enzyme is denatured & rate of reaction falls
optimum human body temperature
36•5 /37’C
optimum plant temperature
20 - 30’C
What is acidic pH
0<7
what is alkaline pH
7>14
what is optimum pH?
7
what is exception for optimum pH?
pepsin - pH 2
Bio processing (eg)
use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce product
(cheese, vaccines, perfumes)
what used to be used in bio processing?
micro organisms (eg yeast)
bio reactor
where bio processing occurs
how is loss of enzymes prevented
immobilisation
immobilisation (eg)
enzymes attached to each other/ inert substance & can be used repeatedly
(eg sodium alginate)
formula for immobilisation
enzyme + substance ➡️ product +enzyme
physical methods of immobilisation
adsorption = enzyme physically attached to inert substance
(eg glass beads/ceramics)
enclosed by membrane
trapped in gel = sodium alginate used, allows substrate in & products out
methods of immobilisation
physical & chemical
chemical methods of immobilisation
bonded to support (glass beads/ceramics)
bonded to each other
Advantages of immobilised enzymes
Doesn’t affect efficiency
easily recovered from product
can be reused (cuts costs)
increases stability
Uses of immobilised enzymes
sweetens drinks
(glucose isomerase converts glucose to fructose)
fights wider range of bacteria
(penicillin acylase converts penicillin structure to more antibiotics)
used by food manufacturers
(lactase converts lactose to glucose & galactose)
