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Bio🧪 > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of stable conditions in our bodies
(pH of blood, oxygen in blood, body temperature)

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2
Q

Name Sources of Energy

A

Solar & cellular

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3
Q

What is solar energy? + name something that takes in this energy

A

Primary source of energy
+ some pigments (like chlorophyll)

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4
Q

what occurs when solar energy is stored?

A

chemical bonds formed in biomolecules

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

How plants make food

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6
Q

formula for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water ➡️sunlight,chlorophyll
glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H20
➡️
C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

what is cellular energy?

A

energy released by reactions in cell

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8
Q

What happens in cellular reactions

A

biomolecules broken down, bonds broken & energy released

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9
Q

what are enzymes?

A

catalysts made up of protein

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10
Q

catalysts

A

alter rate of reaction without being used up

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11
Q

features of enzymes

A

produced by ribosomes
globular

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12
Q

what substance do enzymes act on?

A

substrate (starch/amylose)

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13
Q

what substance do enzymes form?

A

product (maltose)

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14
Q

formula for enzyme

A

substrate + enzyme ➡️
enzyme substrate complex ➡️
product + enzyme

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15
Q

what is role of enzymes

A

used in metabolic reactions

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16
Q

types of enzymes in metabolic reactions (eg)

A

-catabolic enzyme
(amylase - amylose ➡️ maltose) -anabolic enzyme
(opposite)

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17
Q

factors of enzyme reactions (+formula)

A

reversible
substrate+enzyme
➡️⬅️
product +enzyme

18
Q

how are enzymes named?

A

add ‘ase’ to substrate

19
Q

inhibitors

A

attach to enzymes and denature them

20
Q

factors affecting enzymes

A

temperature & pH

21
Q

what happens to enzymes at low temperatures ?

A

ice forms, liquids become solids, enzymes cant work

22
Q

what happens to enzymes as temperatures increase?

A

molecules move and bump into one another causing rate of reaction to increase

23
Q

what happens to enzymes at high temperatures

A

enzyme is denatured & rate of reaction falls

24
Q

optimum human body temperature

A

36•5 /37’C

25
Q

optimum plant temperature

A

20 - 30’C

26
Q

What is acidic pH

A

0<7

27
Q

what is alkaline pH

A

7>14

28
Q

what is optimum pH?

A

7

29
Q

what is exception for optimum pH?

A

pepsin - pH 2

30
Q

Bio processing (eg)

A

use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce product
(cheese, vaccines, perfumes)

31
Q

what used to be used in bio processing?

A

micro organisms (eg yeast)

32
Q

bio reactor

A

where bio processing occurs

33
Q

how is loss of enzymes prevented

A

immobilisation

34
Q

immobilisation (eg)

A

enzymes attached to each other/ inert substance & can be used repeatedly
(eg sodium alginate)

35
Q

formula for immobilisation

A

enzyme + substance ➡️ product +enzyme

36
Q

physical methods of immobilisation

A

adsorption = enzyme physically attached to inert substance
(eg glass beads/ceramics)

enclosed by membrane

trapped in gel = sodium alginate used, allows substrate in & products out

37
Q

methods of immobilisation

A

physical & chemical

38
Q

chemical methods of immobilisation

A

bonded to support (glass beads/ceramics)
bonded to each other

39
Q

Advantages of immobilised enzymes

A

Doesn’t affect efficiency
easily recovered from product
can be reused (cuts costs)
increases stability

40
Q

Uses of immobilised enzymes

A

sweetens drinks
(glucose isomerase converts glucose to fructose)

fights wider range of bacteria
(penicillin acylase converts penicillin structure to more antibiotics)

used by food manufacturers
(lactase converts lactose to glucose & galactose)

Bio🧪 (13 decks)

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