Human Body Test #2 Review Flashcards
Neuron
-A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body.
-Neurons are usually found in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
Cerebrum
-Your cerebrum is the largest part of your brain and is located at the top and front of your skull. Your cerebrum is the part of your brain that is responsible for motor activities, perception, understanding languages, vision, hearing, information, and memory.
Cerebellum
-The Cerebellum is the small rounded section that is located at the back of your brain, where your brain connects to your spinal cord. Monitors muscle tone and position and coordinates new muscle movement.
Corpus Callosum
-Thick white band of nerve fivers that connects the two halfs of the cerebrum and allows them to communicate and coordinate their activities.
-It is located in the cerebrum.
Longitudinal Fissure
-Divides a the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.
-Located in the brain.
Interneurons
-Neurons that connect to brain regions that allows for communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system.
-Located in the brain and spinal cord.
Neuroglia
-Are specialized cells in the nervous tissue that allow it to perform nervous system functions. They are like the “glue” that holds the nervous system together.
-Located in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
Somatic System
-Controls skeletal muscles and voluntary movement
-Located in brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
Autonomic System
-Controls smooth and cardiac muscle in your organs and also several glands
-Located throughout your head and body.
Motor System
-Carries orders to all three types of muscle and to the body glands, and to tell them how to respond to new information.
-Located in central nervous system.
Sensory system
-Provides sensory input for your nervous system.
-Located in the post central gyrus of the perineal lobe.
Epidural
-A women receives and injection of local anaesthetics into the epidural space so a woman can continue to participate actively in the birth without severe labor pains.
Medulla Oblongata
-Responsible for impulses that control heartbeat, breathing, and the muscle tone in blood vessels, which controls blood pressure.
-Located in the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of the brainstem.
Convolutions
-Serve a very important purpose by increasing the surface area of the brain, yet allowing it to be “folded” into a smaller space.
-Located in the cerebral cortex.
Meninges
-Both brain and spinal cord, are surrounded by a series of protective membranes called meninges. The purpose is to cover over the delicate structures of the brain and spinal cord. They set up layers, cushioning, and shock absorbers.
Four lobes of the brain
Frontal lobes- are responsible for motor activities.
Parietal lobes- are involved with body, perception, and understanding language.
Occipital lobes- responsible for vision.
Temporal lobes- are involved in hearing and the combination of sensory, information, and memory.
Diencephalon
The section of the brain that is not visible form the exterior. It is responsible for controlling hormone levels, hunger and thirst, body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and for coordinating the flow of information around the brain.
-Located in the centre of the brain.
Sensory nervous system
-The portion of the nervous system responsible for processing input from the environment.
-Located in spinal cord and brain
Synapse
-Combination of axon terminal and receiving cell (helps pass signals from one neuron to the next).
-Located in the close connection between axon and dendrite
Neurotransmitters
-Are used to send the signal from the neuron across the synapse to the next cell in line.
-Located in the neuron
Interneruons
Neurons that clear the way for communication between neurons.
-Located in neurons
How does a neuron pass along a signal?
An excitable cell carries a small electrical charge when stimulated. Because neurons are excitable cells, it makes sense that the way neurons send and receive signals is due to tiny electrical currents.
What are the four parts of blood and what do they do?
plasma- take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.
erythrocytes (red blood cells)- carry oxygen
leukocytes (while blood cells)- protect us from infection
thrombocytes (platelets)- aid in clotting
What are antigens and antibodies and how do they impact possible blood transfusions?
-Antigens are like flags that indentify the blood cell.
-Antibodies are like the cell body’s army that fight intruders (other blood types).
When getting blood transfusion, you have to get blood that is your type or that you are able to receive or else the antibodies would fight the blood type that is not compatible with yours and will cause your blood to clot.
What are systolic and diastolic parts of the heart beat?
-Systole is a contraction of a chamber which pumps blood out, while diastole is relaxation which allows the chamber to fill with blood.
What’s the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries:
-Bring blood away from heart
-Blood is usually oxygenated expect pulmonary arteries
-Thick walls
-No valves
-High pressure
Veins:
-Bring blood towards heart
-Blood is usually deoxygenated expect pulmonary veins
-Thin walls
-Valves
-Low pressure
What’s the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
-Systemic circulation moves blood from the heart to the body tissue and back.
-Pulmonary (lungs) cirrculation moves blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
What are respiration and ventilation?
Respiration- Oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. Inhaling and exhaling
Ventilation- The movement of the air going down to the terminal ends of the airway.
Pharynx (throat)
-Inside the neck
-Acts as the passageway for air, food and liquid.
Trachea
-Your trachea sits in your lower neck and upper chest, below your larynx.
-It is a windpipe.
Bronchi
Your bronchi are the large tubes that connect to your trachea (windpipe) and direct the air you breathe to your right and left lungs.
Bronchioles
At the end of the bronchi, the bronchioles (tiny air tubes) carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli.
Lungs
-Your lungs are on each side of your heart, inside your chest cavity.
-Allow us to breath
Alveoli
-located at the end of bronchial tubes.
-Small air sacs where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
Diaphragm
-Located below your lungs and heart.
-Allows air to go in and out of the lungs.
Capillaries
-Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems.
Cilia (hair in nose)
-It helps filter out large particles so they don’t enter the lungs, where they could irritate and clog the airways.
-In nostrils
Epiglottis
-Covers the larynx during swallowing.
-Located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
Larynx
-Located in the middle of your neck.
-It makes it possible for you to make sounds.
What is the difference between innate/inborn and adaptive/acquired immunity?
Innate (inborn) immunity- is the first line of defence against invasion. The body’s inborn ability to fight infection.
Adaptive (or acquired) immunity- the body can recognize specific invaders and can “learn” and change each time they are engaged.
Pathogens
Microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other microorganisms, such as cells like fungi or yeast.
Antigens
Substances that cause a formation of antibodies. Cell surface markers that help the immune system identify cells.
Antibodies
Proteins secreted by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) that attack infected cells.
White blood cells (leukocytes)
If an invader has an opportunity to enter the body, white blood cells are responsible for defending the body against invaders.
What is the difference between natural vs artificial and passive vs active?
Natural- Immunity is introduced by a natural process. Ex) ‘Catch’ a cold + make antibodies.
Artificial- Immunity is introduced by an artificial process. Ex) Vaccine or injection.
Passive- Antibodies are created by someone else +”given” to you.
Active- You make your own antibodies.
