Human Body #3 Review

Question 1

List the 6 basic steps of digestion and briefly explain what each is.

Answer 1

Ingestion- Eating or drinking
Mastication- Chewing
Digestion- is the chemical process of breaking down food into small molecules.
Secretion- When a gland organ releases substances.
Absorption- Nutrients moving through the blood and body.
Excretion (defecation)- Waste is eliminated from the body.

Question 2

Digestion begins in the moth where food is broken down in2 different ways. One way is mechanically. What is the other way?

Answer 2

Chemically

Question 3

Epiglottis

Answer 3

It is a flap of tissue that covers the airway to the lungs as the trachea rises during swallowing.

Question 4

What are the smooth muscle contractions of the esophagus called?

Answer 4

Peristalsis

Question 5

How is the size of your stomach able to expand or decrease in diameter?

Answer 5

Your stomach can expand and decrease due to the rugae, which in the stomach, is the wall that allows for these size changes.

Question 6

What are some functions of the stomach?

Answer 6

-Acts as a temporary holding area for the ingested food.
-Secrets gastric acid and enzymes, which it mixes with food, causing chemical digestion.
-Regulates the rate at which the now partially digested food (a thick, heavy, dreamlike liquid called chyme) enters the small intestine.
-Absorbs small amounts of water and substances on a very limited basis.

Question 7

What is the lower end of the stomach called?

Answer 7

Pylorus

Question 8

What is the stomachs primary digestive enzyme called and what does it break down?

Answer 8

Pepsin and it breaks down protein.

Question 9

How is it that the hydrochloric acid and enzymes don’t digest the stomach itself?

Answer 9

A healthy stomach is protected by mucous cells, which generate a thick layer of mucus to shelf the stomach lining from the effect of hydrocloric acids.

Question 10

When chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine, what part of the small intestine is it entering into?

Answer 10

The duodenum

Question 11

Why is the small intestine called small and why is the large intestine called large.

Answer 11

Small- Small in diameter but not length.
Large- large in diameter but not length.

Question 12

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli?

Answer 12

The purpose of microvilli, and villi is to provide an incredible increase in the surface area of the small intestine.

Question 13

What does the pancreas add to the small intestine?

Answer 13

Pancreatic juice.

Question 14

What are the purposes of the large intestine?

Answer 14

-Water reabsorption
-Absoption of vitamins produced by normal bacteria in the large intestine.
-Packaging and compacting waste products for elimination in the body.

Question 15

What is the endocrine system

Answer 15

Is a series of organs and glands in your body that’s secretes chemical messengers called hormones into your bloodstream.

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

-Is found in the diencephalon.
-It controls much as the body’s physiology including: hunger, thirst, fluid balance, body temperature.

Question 17

Pituitary

Answer 17

-Also found in the diencephalon.
-Acts only under orders from the hypothalamus.
-It is split into 2 sections, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

Question 18

Thyroid Gland

Answer 18

-Located in the anterior part of your neck.
-Its “boss” is the pituitary.

Question 19

Thymus Gland

Answer 19

-Located in the upper thorax and plays an important function in the immune system.

Question 20

Pineal gland

Answer 20

-Located in the diencephalon and its full function is still not known. However, it does produce melatonin which regulated sleep patters.

Question 21

Pancreas

Answer 21

-Responsible for maintaining glucose levels in the blood.
-It is also important to keep the right levels of glucose in the blood so that the blood cells dont lose or gain water through osmosis (causing them to shrink or well).

Question 22

Adrenal Glands

Answer 22

-They are 2 glands that sit above the kidneys.
-Epinephrine (more commonly known as adrenaline), norepinephrine, and steroid hormones are all released from the adrenals.

Question 23

Hashimoto’s disease

Answer 23

The immune system begins to attack the cells i the thyroid. This leads to hypothyroidism which is underproduction of the thyroid hormone.

Question 24

Graves’ disease

Answer 24

The immune system stimulates the thyroid resulting in hyperthyroidism and bulging eyes.

Question 25

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 25

When the andrenal gland secretes too much epinephrine which causes an adrenalin rush.

Question 26

Addison’s disease

Answer 26

Caused by a small production of cortisol which causes weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and excessive skin pigmentation.

Question 27

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 27

Caused by over secretion of cortisol. Symptoms include upper blood obesity, round face, easy bruising, weakened bones, fatigue, high blood pressure, high blood sugar. Women may have excess facial hair and irregular periods. Men may have decreased fertility and decreased sex drive.

Question 28

Anabolic steroid abuse

Answer 28

Abusing steroids to build muscle mass. Men may have less sperm production, enlarged breast and shrinking testicles. Women experience keeping of the voice, decreased break size, and excessive body hair growth.

Question 29

Waste

Answer 29

Are chemical;s that are toxic and if left alone would seriously hurt or even kill you.

Question 30

Urea

Answer 30

As your cells break down amino acids, they produce a dangerous toxic known as urea. The cells of your body excrete this urea into your blood.

Question 31

Where does urea eventually go?

Answer 31

Eventually the polluted blood enters a filter organ known as your kidney. Your kidneys remove the urea from the blood, sending it to your bladder for storage in the form of urine.

Question 32

How long does it take your kidney to completely filter all the blood in your body?

Answer 32

About 45 minutes

Question 33

What is the activity or the kidney controlled by?

Answer 33

The activity of the kidney is controlled by a persons choice, environment, and hormones. For examples, if a person consumes large amounts of protein, much urea will be in the blood from the digested protein. Also, on hot day, a body will retain water from sweating and cooling, so the amount of urine is reduced.