Human Body #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

Is a collection of similar cells that act together to perform a function.

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2
Q

List and describe the 4 main types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue - tissue that covers and lines much of the body (Ex. skin mucous, and membranes).

Connective tissue - tissue that is found all over the body and primarily holds things together and provides structure (Ex. cartilage, fat).

Muscle tissue - tissue that provides means for movement by and within the body (Ex. skeletal: voluntary and attached to bones, Cardiac: involuntary and found in the heart, Smooth: involuntary and found in hollow organs.)

Nervous tissue - tissue that transmits “messages” and is made of neurons and neuroglia.

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2
Q

Organ

A

Is 2 or more types of tissue organized in a way that can do a task that the tissues can’t do on their own.

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of the internal and external structures of the human body.

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4
Q

Physiology

A

Focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structure making up the human body. Is the study of how an anatomical structure actually functions.

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front.
-The belly button in on the anterior surface of the body.

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back.
-The patient had a bump on the posterior part of her head.

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7
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle.
-The nose is medial to the eyes.

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8
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top.
-The nose is superior to the mouth.

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side.
-The eyes are lateral to the nose.

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9
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the bottom.
-The mouth is inferior to the nose.

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Near point of reference.
-The wrist is proximal to the fingers.

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11
Q

Distal

A

Away from point of reference.
-The fingers are distal to the shoulders.

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12
Q

External

A

On the outside.
-The external defibrillator is used on the outside of the chest.

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13
Q

Internal

A

On the inside.
-He received internal injuries from the accident.

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14
Q

Superficial

A

At the body surface.
-The cut was only superficial.

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15
Q

Deep

A

Under the body surface.
-The patient had deep wounds from the chainsaw.

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16
Q

Central

A

Locations around center of body.
-The patient had central chest pain.

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17
Q

Peripheral

A

Surrounding or outer regions.
-The patient had peripheral swelling in the feet.

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18
Q

Know the difference between frontal (coronal), median (midsagittal), and transverse planes.

A

The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back).
The median plane divides the body into right and left sections.
The transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom).

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19
Q

What is homeostasis and how are negative and positive feedback cycles different? Give an example of each.

A

Homeostasis - is the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment and balance. Survival depends on our ability to maintain homeostasis.

-Negative feed back - if the feedback opposes the stimulus (Ex. the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis. If it gets a message that your body is cold, then it does things to warm it).

-Positive feed back - increases the chance of a resisting reaction in your body to not be changed which is often harmful if the cycle cannot be broken (anxiety/panic attacks).

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20
Q

List and describe some functions of the skeletal system.

A

-Provides framework for the human body.
-Produces blood cells.
-Provides protection for organs.

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21
Q

Categorize ‘long, short, flat, or irregular’ bones.

A

Long bones - are longer than they are wide and are found in your arms and legs.

Short bones - are fairly equal width and length, similar to a cube, and are mostly found in your wrist and ankles.

Flat bones - are thinner bones that can either be flat or curved and are platelike. Examples are bones in the skull, ribs, and breastbone.

Irregular bones - are the odd-shaped bones needed to connect to other bones. Examples are hip bones, and the vertebrae that makes up your spine.

22
Q

Periosteum

A

A tough and fibrous connective tissue containing blood vessels that transport blood and nutrients into the bone to nuture the bone cells.

23
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

has a high fat content.

24
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Makes blood cells.

25
Q

Compact bone

A

Is a dense, hard tissue normally found in the shafts of long bones and the outer layer of other bones.

26
Q

Spongy bone

A

Tissue is arranged in bars and plates called trabeculae. It helps make the bones lighter in weight and provides space for red bone marrow.

27
Q

What is ossification (or osteogenesis) and how do the following cells contribute. Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. How is endochondral ossification different?

A

Ossification or osteogenesis, is the formation of bone in the body.

-Osteoprogenitor cells - are nonspecialized cells found in the periosteum, endosperm, and central canal or compact bones.

-Osteoblasts cells - are the cells that actually form bones.

-Osteocytes - are considered mature bone cells that were originally osteoblasts.

Osteoclasts - tearing down old bone and help move calcium and phosphate into the blood.

Endochondral ossification is different because instead of making bone, bones are being replaced by cartilage.

28
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The growth plate.

29
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone repair following a fracture?

A

Stage one (hematoma formation and inflammation) - the blood collects around the fracture in a hematoma. The injured tissues release chemicals that trigger inflammation.

Stage two (soft (fibrocartilage) callus formation) - cartilage fills in the space between the bones and blood vessels begin to grow into the area.

Stage three ( hard (bony) callus formation) - bone replaces the cartilage which is endochondral ossification.

Stage four - the bone is remodelled due to the activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts working until the fracture is nearly undetectable.

30
Q

What is bone made of and why is nutrition so important?

A

Bones are made up of connective tissue, bone cells, and calcium. Therefore, it is important to have proper nutrition to get the carbs, fats, and proteins needed to energize and work your muscles. Also, to get calcium

31
Q

Cartilage

A

Is a form of connective tissue that can withstand a fair amount of flexing, tension, and pressure. Ex) The flexible parts of your nose and ear.

32
Q

Define joints and how it is classified.

A

Joints are the areas where two or more bones meet to allow movement. It can be immobile or mobile.

-Fibrous joints - Where fibrous tissue connects two bones. Ex) sutures in your skull.

-Cartilaginous joints - Joints where the bones are entirely joined by the cartilage. Ex) pubic symphysis, and the joints between your ribs and sternum.

-Synovial joints - The only moving joint and most common. Ex) Wrist, ankle, hip, shoulder.

33
Q

Ligaments

A

are very tough, whitish bands that connect one bone to another and can withstand pretty heavy stress. Bone to bone.

34
Q

Tendons

A

are cordlike structures that attach bone to muscle.

35
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammatory process of the joint or joints. To help prevent it, prevent injuries in the joints and be healthy.

36
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreasing bone density. Exercise and nutrition plays a vital role in developing and maintaining bones.

37
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bony thorax, hyoid bones, bone of the middle ear, and skull (Head and main body)

38
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Region of your appendages (arms and legs), as well as the connecting bone structure of the hips and shoulder girdles.

39
Q

Skeletal muscle: is it voluntary or involuntary; what does it attach to; what is the main function; what chemicals are needed for muscles to relax and contract; why are high demand muscles darker; what are agonist; point of origin and insertion; synergistic; antagonists pairs and diaphragm?

A

-They are voluntary because its movement can be controlled by conscious though.

-Attached to bones.

-Provides movement for your body.

-ATP and calcium are need to relax and contract.

-Higher demand muscles have a much richer and larger blood supply.

-Agonist is a muscle group that causes movement.

-Point of origin is the end of a muscle that attaches to stationary bone while point of insertion is the end of a muscle that is attached to the moving bone.

-Synergistic is a cooperating action of certain muscles.

-Antagonist is something that does the opposite of the agonist.

-Diaphragm is a muscular sheet that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

40
Q

Smooth muscle: is it voluntary or involuntary; where is it found; what are vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

A

-Smooth muscle in involuntary.

-It is found in all the organs of the body expect the heart such as the stomach and other digestive organs, the uterus, and the blood vessels and bronchial airways.

-Vasodilation can lead to decreases in blood pressure due to smooth muscle relaxation in the vessel that allows it to enlarge.

-Vasoconstriction can cause increased blood pressure due to the smooth muscle contraction that retracts the blood vessel.

41
Q

Cardiac muscle: it is voluntary or involuntary; where is it located; what are intercalated discs?

A

-Cardiac muscle is involuntary.

-Cardiac muscles form the walls of the heart.

-Intercalated discs connect the cardiac muscles together. Because of this connection, as one fiber contacts the adjacent one contracts, and so on.

42
Q

What is the main organ of the integumentary system? What are some of the main functions of this system?

A

The main organ of the integumentary system is the skin.
Some of the main functions:
-The system helps keep the body from drying out.
-Acts as a storage for fatty tissue necessary for energy.
-With the aid of sunshine, produces vitamin D.

43
Q

Epidermis

A

The most outer layer of skin that we normally see. It’s avascular (contains no blood vessels).

44
Q

Dermis

A

The layer below, or deep within the epidermis layer. This layer of dense, irregular, connective tissue is considered the “true skin” and contains capillaries, involuntary muscles, sensory receptors, hair follicles, etc.

45
Q

Subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis)

A

The deepest layer of the skin which is composted of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty adipose tissue.

46
Q

What are melanocytes and melanin?

A

Melanocytes are located deep in the epidermis and are responsible for skin colour. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is the actual substance that helps determine skin colour.

47
Q

Why does sweat stink? What is the purpose of sebum?

A

-Sweat stinks due to it being left on your skin and bacteria degrading into the sweat chemicals.

-Sebum keeps the skin from drying out.

48
Q

What are the steps of skin healing after it has been cut?

A

-If skin is punctured and blood vessels in the skin are damaged, the wound fills with blood.
-The blood clots and the top part of the clot turns into a scab.
-Inflammatory response occurs, with migration of white blood cells to the damaged area to destroy any pathogens that may have entered the wound.
-At the same time, fibroblasts come in and begin pulling the edges of the wound together.
-The basal layer of the epidermis begins to hyper produce new cells for the repair of the wound.
-The wound then heals from the inside to the outside.

49
Q

First degree burn

A

Has damaged only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis, and is considered a partial thickness burn. Skin will be red and painful but will not blister.

50
Q

Second degree burn

A

Burns involve the entire depth of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis, but are still considered partial thickness burns. it causes pain redness, and blistering.

51
Q

Third degree burn

A

Affects all three skin layers and are therefore called full thickness burns. Here, the surface of the skin has a leathery feel to it and it varies in colour such as black, brown, tan, red, or white. The victim will feel no pain because pain receptors have been destroyed.

52
Q

Fourth degree burns

A

Are also known as full thickness burns, are burns that penetrate to the bone or underlying structures such as muscles and tendons. Also no pain

53
Q

What is jaundice and what causes it?

A

In a situation where certain liver disease exists because the body can excrete a substance called bilirubin. As bilirubin builds up in the body, jaundice occurs, giving the skin a deeper yellow colour.

54
Q

How does body hair help us physically?

A

-Helps to regulate body temperature.
-Functions as a sensor to help detect things on our skin such as bugs or cobwebs.
-Eyelashes help protect our eyes from foreign objects, and hair in nose helps to filter out gross particle matter.