Health Care Philosophies and Ethics - Unit 1 Test Review Flashcards
Clara Barton
Founded the American Red Cross in 1881.
Marie Curie
Isolated radium in 1910.
Leonardo da Vinci
Artist who used dissection to draw the human body.
Dorothea Dix
Was appointed superintendent of female nurses in the army.
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin in 1928.
Hippocrates
The father of medicine.
Edward Jenner
Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796.
Robert Koch
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens.
Joseph Lister
Began using disinfectants/antiseptics during surgery.
Gregory Mendel
Established the patterns in heredity.
Florence Nightgale
Founder of modern nursing.
Louis Pasteur
Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria.
William Roentgen
Discovered X-rays in 1895.
Jonas Salk
Developed the polio vaccine in 1952.
Hand washing
What was the first intervention to prevent infection during surgeries in 1847.
Using anesthetic for surgeries importance
With patients unconscious, surgeons could now take their time over operations and attempt more difficult surgeries.
First vaccine (smallpox) importance
Lessened the chance of people getting smallpox, and if people still got it, it was less severe.
Discovery of DNA
It carried genetic information and began the study on how to cure inherited diseases by gene therapy.
Discovery of X-rays
Allowed doctors to see the bones of patients to see if there were any fractures or foreign objects.
What killed most people following surgery and what helped to reduce that number?
Infections killed most people and hand washing helped reduce it.
What decade did HIV/AIDS become known?
1980’s
What did researchers learn in the 1970’s about cancer?
Chemotherapy couldn’t treat all cancers because they had different diseases that couldn’t be treated the same way.
What were some fears of HIV/AIDS in the beginning.
-People didn’t know how it was transmitted.
-There was a social stigma.
Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)
Practitioners: Doctors,nurses, clinicians, and therapists, etc.
Pros:
-Everything is fit for a certain patients values.
-Safer
Cons:
-Information could get mixed up with another patient.
CAM
Practitioners: Chiropractics, homeopathy, massages, etc.
Pros:
- Less formal.
-More comfortable.
Cons:
-Not a lot of research.
-Not regulated
Traditional Medicine
Practitioners:
Pros:
-Aligns with most religions (comfortable).
-There is a variety that suits different people.
Cons:
-Not evidence based or regulated.
Evidence Based Medicine three points
Best research evidence
The more new and best evidence that replaces old the old research because it is more accurate, efficient, and safer.
Clinical expertise
The ability to use clinical skills and past experiences to identify each patients health issues, diagnosis, and risks.
Patient values
The preferences, concerns, and expectations that each patient bring to clinical encounter that must be considered.
What is the point of having and understanding the 4 Principles of Biomedical Ethics? Why is it important?
-The four principles guide our ethical decision-making. Rather than making emotional “gut decisions”.
-They help to ensure that the issue has been considered from all perspectives and a decision is being made as objectively as possible to remove personal bias from the process.
Understand at least one current controversial issue in medicine and why it is controversial.
What is one controversy in health care and why?
Should risky behaviours like smoking be funded by public health care?
-People who smoke know the harm, so when it starts effecting the their body, should I be funded even when they knew the risk?
