Human Behavior-Childhood & Adolescence Flashcards
What Erikson stage correlates to middle childhood/school age?
Industry vs. Inferiority
[Identity stage; I am what I learn]
What is the main challenge that a school age child must face?
Competition
What results from a successful resolution of the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Industry, competence, and mastery
What results from a failure to resolve the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Inferiority, identifying oneself as an anonymous “worker” - lack of initiative/creativity
What can result from too much success at resolving the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Identity defined as meeting expectations of others - lack direction
What are 3 things that a school age child is exposed to?
- Competition
- Evaluation/expectation of others outside the family
- A wider view of culture
What Freudian stage corresponds with middle childhood/school age and what is it defined by?
Latency - tremendous cognitive and social growth force instinctual drives and sexual urges to the back burner
What Piaget stage corresponds to middle childhood/school age and what is it defined by?
Concrete operations - child can think deeper about an object, “operates” on data by applying rules of logic; (logic is still lied to concrete events)
What are two tasks of Piaget’s concrete operations stage?
- Conservation
2. Seriation
Conservation (Piaget)
More than one way to look at or measure an object
Seriation (Piaget)
Ability to categorize objects
With regards to logic and problem solving, what are 2 skills a school age child should be able accomplish?
- Sorting objects by category and sub-category
i. e. Toys: Cars and Legos; Cars: blue and red - Order things in sequence, number has meaning
At 6 years old how much information can a child’s short term memory hold?
2 bits of information - gradually increases thru age 12; short-term memory = working memory
Rehearsal
Used by children at 5 to commit information to their long term memory - repetition
Elaborating
Used by children age 12 to commit info to their long term memory - more complex - involves relating data to something they already know
Instability of IQ scores before age 7 likely reflects what?
The wide variation in what is normal during early, and the first part of middle childhood
Learning disability
Difficulty learning due to information processing rather than ability problem - avg. IQ; current definition= take IQ and measure 1.5 standard deviations below predicted test scores
Does intervening earlier when children begin to fall behind result in more or fewer children in special education classes?
Fewer - catch them earlier
What defines a child as being bright or gifted?
IQ of 130 in top 2% of one realm of funcitoning
Self-regulation
Ability to monitor progress towards a goal, check outcomes, change strategy (not fully developed in Latency)
What are 3 markers of progress in language development?
- ~30,000 words
- Grammar more complex - passive voice
- Comprehend subtlety - hints etc.
Friendships during middle childhood are based more on what?
Similar interests (rather than proximity)
What percentage of parallel play is considered normal at age 5 and age 7?
At age five 50% parallel play is considered normal
At age seven 25% parallel play is considered normal; play gradually more cooperative
At what age can a child comprehend that others might have different point of view?
6-8
At what age can a child switch from one point of view to another - be more objective
10-12
What qualities are associated w/ peer acceptance? (5)
Friendly, sociable, intelligent, creative, attractive
What qualities are associated w/ peer rejection? (7)
Hostile, aggressive, withdrawn, acting uninterested, slow learners, hyperactivity, deviant behavior
_______ during middle childhood is related to peer acceptance
Mood
True or false: Fears and phobias are common during middle childhood?
True
During middle childhood, what is school avoidance most likely due to?
Separation anxiety - should check for other stressors - overwhelmed, bullying
At ages 11-13 what is school avoidance most likely due to?
Stressor or something frightening at school - in preadolescence - social anxiety
What motor skills should a child of school age be developing? (3)
- Able to engage in more complex motor tasks
- Longer sequences of discreet skills can be developed w/ practice (ex. hitting ball with bat)
- Involvement in team sports
Behavior and social differences tend to be drawn more along _____________________.
Socioeconomic lines
What years define the early, middle, and late stages of adolescence.
- Early: 11-14
- Middle: 15-17
- Late: 18-20
What are the three major tasks accomplished during adolescence.
- Construction of emancipated identity
- Construction of realistic ambitions and reasonable ideals
- Further development of sexual and social identity
In what stage of adolescence does puberty occur?
Early adolescence
What is puberty marked by? (5)
- 2˚sex characteristics
- Menarche 11-14
- First ejaculation in boys 12-15
- Sex drives expressed thru physical activity & masturbation
- Cognitive maturation and formation of personality
What stage of adolescence do children show strong sensitivity to the opinions of their peers, yet are still generally obedient to their parents?
Early Adolescence
In early adolescence, children are more likely to express feelings by ____________________.
Actions instead of words
What stage of adolescence do children show increased risk taking behavior?
Middle adolescence - readiness to challenge parental rules
What are three reasons fewer than half of middle adolescents use contraceptives?
- Belief they won’t get pregnant
- No access
- Lack of education
What is middle adolescence marked by?
- Greater interest in gender roles, body image, popularity
- Inc. risk taking behavior
- Sexuality - first intercourse: avg. 16, most by 19
- Crushes for an unattainable person
What is late adolescence marked by?
- Develop morals, ethics, self control, realistic appraisal of abilities
- Concern w/ humanitarian issues/world problems
- Ability for abstract reasoning
What Piaget stage correlates to late adolescence?
Formal operations - abstract reasoning, delay gratification, future oriented; ability to think about thinking
Formal Operations (Piaget)
- Ability to think abstractly, delay gratification and be future oriented
- Using creativity to express inner world
- Think about thinking meta-analysis
Identity crisis
Common - Who am I types of questions, push back against authority; fail to negotiate can lead to role confusion
What does failure to resolve the identity crisis result in?
- Role confusion
- Lead to criminality
- Interest in cults/gangs
What Erikson stage correlates to late adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Diffusion (Group Identity)
What is the Identity vs. Role Diffusion stage marked by? (4)
- Preoccupation w/ appearance
- Struggle to develop ego identity
- Group identity
- Separate from family and peer group
What does failure to negotiate the identity vs. role diffusion stage result in?
Role confusion, running away, drug/alcohol use, rebel or a robot
During what stage do teens have a clear sexual identity, and are more concerned w/ serious relationships?
Late adolescence
A teen who uses tobacco for more than a year has a _____ chance of becoming dependent?
80%
Physician counseling about teen sexuality usually occurs ______ a parent present.
Without
What are three risk factors for developing alcohol/drug problems?
- Family hx
- Depressed/low self-esteem
- Feel like they don’t fit in
What percentage of high school students have tried alcohol?
75%
What percentage of high school students have tried marijuana?
40%
How many college students meet the criteria for alcohol abuse disorder?
50%
How many UWMadison students are binge drinkers
66%
What are five ways that your brain is being remodeled during adolescence?
- Axons become more myelinated in frontal lobe (improves speed of processing/shortens reaction time)
- Dendrites extend
- Synaptic pruning - rear to front
- Corpus callosum thickens
- Hippocampus strengthens links to frontal area
Why are teens more likely to take risks compared to adults?
They understand the dangers as well as adults, but they value the reward more than adults
What NT primes and fires reward circuits, aids in learning patterns and making decisions?
Dopamine
What NT makes social connections more rewarding?
Oxytocin (helps explain why teens prefer the company of those their own age)
Cultures across the world have teenagers that show which four characteristics?
- Excitement
- Attraction to novelty
- Risk-taking
- Prefer company of peers
Is a teen that is diabetic and struggling with diet and taking insulin regularly normal or pathological?
Normal (hard to adhere to medical advice)
What are the Tanner Stages of Sexual Development?
physical changes that occur during puberty (early adolescence) are usually marked by distinct stages of development; ranges of 1 (no development) to 5 (fully developed)
What gains great importance in Early Adolescence?
close friendships
Alterations in expected development (Early Adolescence) may lead to ____________.
psychological difficulties
How would you best warn a 16-year-old boy about the dangers of smoking?
focus on obvious, short-term benefits (like his girlfriend won’t kiss him with that gross taste in his mouth), rather than on long-term consequences
How many sexually active teenagers use contraceptives?
Fewer than half
Why are parents generally not present during the sexual-history part of the exam?
to maintain the child’s privacy/modesty
In 2000, teenagers gave birth to about ________ infants, and _____ of these infants were born to mothers under 15-years-old.
470,000
8,500
The rate of teenage pregnancies is ______.
declining
Which year had the least amount of teenage mothers? ______. That rate was _____ births per 1,000 women aged 15-19.
- 2010
- 34.3
What are risk factors for teens likely to develop a serious alcohol/drug problem? (4)
- family history of substance abuse
- depression
- low self-esteem
- those who feel they don’t fit in or are out of the mainstream
Who has the most influence on a teenager’s decisions in middle adolescence?
his peers
When does myelination completion occur? What 4 cognitive characteristics does it improve?
Late Adolescence;
- Judgement
- Insight
- Planning
- Motor function
What causes teens to be attracted to novelty?
passion for same-age peers, and building relationships with those peers; oxytocin = reward centers firing
Jessica wasn’t invited to Chelsea’s party. “My life is over!” Jessica bawls to her parents. Yes, to you Jessica may be overreacting, but what is happening to Jessica’s brain that makes her feel this way?
teenage brains respond to peer exclusion as much as they respond to threats to physical health or food supply; therefore, teens perceive social rejection as a threat to their existence
Why is there a slow maturation of the frontal lobe, evolutionarily?
flexibility; if myelination occurred too quickly, axon branching would be inhibited
You are on a 12-hour road trip with your son. The car doors are locked and you just pulled onto the freeway. Now is when you decide to have The Talk, because you have hours and hours to spare. Is this effective?
no–small opportunities are better to talk about sex and drugs than one huge lecture
What is Identity Formation?
the need to explore and answer several questions about the self
What is Separation?
the process of creating a distance between teens and their caregivers, and moving on to be responsible for themselves
What are the 2 developmental goals that all teens must accomplish by the end of teenagerdom?
- identity formation
2. separation
Is the parent present or absent at a doctor visit with a school-aged child?
present
Why are teenage girls more likely to have obstetric complications?
less likely to get prenatal care and they can be physically immature
What age group is the best one in which to have elective surgery? Why?
School-aged children because they cope relatively well with hospitalizations
When should children first be told that they are adopted?
at the earliest age possible
What are the 2 most common reasons for mental retardedness?
Fragile X Syndrome and Trisomy 21
How do mentally retarded teenagers act toward social situations?
frustrated and socially withdrawn
What are the risk factors for teenage pregnancy?
- depression
- divorced parents
- low grades in school
