Human Behavior-Childhood & Adolescence Flashcards
What Erikson stage correlates to middle childhood/school age?
Industry vs. Inferiority
[Identity stage; I am what I learn]
What is the main challenge that a school age child must face?
Competition
What results from a successful resolution of the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Industry, competence, and mastery
What results from a failure to resolve the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Inferiority, identifying oneself as an anonymous “worker” - lack of initiative/creativity
What can result from too much success at resolving the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Identity defined as meeting expectations of others - lack direction
What are 3 things that a school age child is exposed to?
- Competition
- Evaluation/expectation of others outside the family
- A wider view of culture
What Freudian stage corresponds with middle childhood/school age and what is it defined by?
Latency - tremendous cognitive and social growth force instinctual drives and sexual urges to the back burner
What Piaget stage corresponds to middle childhood/school age and what is it defined by?
Concrete operations - child can think deeper about an object, “operates” on data by applying rules of logic; (logic is still lied to concrete events)
What are two tasks of Piaget’s concrete operations stage?
- Conservation
2. Seriation
Conservation (Piaget)
More than one way to look at or measure an object
Seriation (Piaget)
Ability to categorize objects
With regards to logic and problem solving, what are 2 skills a school age child should be able accomplish?
- Sorting objects by category and sub-category
i. e. Toys: Cars and Legos; Cars: blue and red - Order things in sequence, number has meaning
At 6 years old how much information can a child’s short term memory hold?
2 bits of information - gradually increases thru age 12; short-term memory = working memory
Rehearsal
Used by children at 5 to commit information to their long term memory - repetition
Elaborating
Used by children age 12 to commit info to their long term memory - more complex - involves relating data to something they already know
Instability of IQ scores before age 7 likely reflects what?
The wide variation in what is normal during early, and the first part of middle childhood
Learning disability
Difficulty learning due to information processing rather than ability problem - avg. IQ; current definition= take IQ and measure 1.5 standard deviations below predicted test scores
Does intervening earlier when children begin to fall behind result in more or fewer children in special education classes?
Fewer - catch them earlier
What defines a child as being bright or gifted?
IQ of 130 in top 2% of one realm of funcitoning
Self-regulation
Ability to monitor progress towards a goal, check outcomes, change strategy (not fully developed in Latency)
What are 3 markers of progress in language development?
- ~30,000 words
- Grammar more complex - passive voice
- Comprehend subtlety - hints etc.
Friendships during middle childhood are based more on what?
Similar interests (rather than proximity)
What percentage of parallel play is considered normal at age 5 and age 7?
At age five 50% parallel play is considered normal
At age seven 25% parallel play is considered normal; play gradually more cooperative
At what age can a child comprehend that others might have different point of view?
6-8
At what age can a child switch from one point of view to another - be more objective
10-12
What qualities are associated w/ peer acceptance? (5)
Friendly, sociable, intelligent, creative, attractive
What qualities are associated w/ peer rejection? (7)
Hostile, aggressive, withdrawn, acting uninterested, slow learners, hyperactivity, deviant behavior
_______ during middle childhood is related to peer acceptance
Mood
True or false: Fears and phobias are common during middle childhood?
True
During middle childhood, what is school avoidance most likely due to?
Separation anxiety - should check for other stressors - overwhelmed, bullying
At ages 11-13 what is school avoidance most likely due to?
Stressor or something frightening at school - in preadolescence - social anxiety
What motor skills should a child of school age be developing? (3)
- Able to engage in more complex motor tasks
- Longer sequences of discreet skills can be developed w/ practice (ex. hitting ball with bat)
- Involvement in team sports
Behavior and social differences tend to be drawn more along _____________________.
Socioeconomic lines
What years define the early, middle, and late stages of adolescence.
- Early: 11-14
- Middle: 15-17
- Late: 18-20
What are the three major tasks accomplished during adolescence.
- Construction of emancipated identity
- Construction of realistic ambitions and reasonable ideals
- Further development of sexual and social identity
In what stage of adolescence does puberty occur?
Early adolescence