Human Behavior-Birth to 2 Years Flashcards
What is INFANCY?
birth to 15 months
what is TODDLERHOOD?
15 to 36 months
What does APGAR stand for?
Appearance Pulse Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration
What is the MORO reflex?
When the baby throws its limbs out after its head is dropped suddenly (not hurting baby); disappears around 3-4 months
What is the SUCKING reflex?
Baby sucks when area of mouth is touched; for survival; disappears at 3 mo
What is the ROOTING reflex?
occurs when you stroke the baby’s cheek; the infant will turn toward the side that was stroked and begin to make sucking motions with the mouth; for survival; disappears at 3 mo
What is the GRASP reflex?
occurs if you place a finger on the infant’s open palm; the hand will close around the finger; trying to remove the finger causes the grip to tighten; newborn infants have strong grasps and can almost be lifted up if both hands are grasping your fingers; disappears at 2 mo.
What is the CRYING reflex?
normal response to some stimuli, such as pain or hunger; some premature babies do not have this reflex so they should be monitored closely; for survival
What is the TONIC NECK reflex?
occurs when you move the head of a child who is relaxed and lying on his back to the side. The arm on the side where the head is facing reaches straight away from the body with the hand partly open. The arm on the side away from the face is flexed and the fist is clenched tightly. Turning the baby’s face in the other direction reverses the position. The tonic neck position is often described as the fencer’s position because it looks like a fencer’s stance
What is important for early personal-social development?
bonding and skin-to-skin contact
What signals normal motor development?
tracking
What are the 9 characteristics of TEMPERAMENT?
"ADMIRe PIe AS it is" Activity level Distractibility Mood Intensity Regularity
Persistance
Initial Reaction
Adaptability
Sensitivity
What is GOODNESS-OF-FIT parenting?
creating environments that accommodate the baby’s temperaments; must allow baby to play, eat and sleep well
What is John Bowlby’s defining characteristics of “BONDING”?
not for survival; impacts life profoundly
What does ATTACHMENT do?
creates relationship based on critical needs, increasing survival
What gives a baby the sense of security?
available “mother” and response to needs
What are PROXIMITY-SEEKING behaviors?
proximity seeking to an attachment figure (mother, etc.) in the face of threat, for the purpose of survival
What are CONTACT-MAINTAINING behaviors?
baby feels safe when being held and has separation distress; babies without this tend not to cuddle in and look away and may squirm to get down
What was Harlow’s Monkey experiment and what did it prove?
infants placed with a “wire” mother and others with a “cloth” mother; clung to “cloth” mother more and those who clung less to a mother showed atypical behaviors; similar to neglect/abuse, therefore must have love and affection!
What does INFANT ATTACHMENT look like?
vocalizations, interactions, social smiles, becomes increasingly complex as baby grows
What are the 3 ATTACHMENT TYPES of Ainsworth’s “baby reunited” experiments?
- secure
- anxious-avoidant
- anxious-ambivalent
What are the defining characteristics of SECURE ATTACHMENT?
Children: able to separate and then seek comfort from parent, prefers parents to strangers and parent return is met positively
[As adults: have trusting/lasting relationships, good self-esteem, etc.]
What are the 4 components to Piaget’s THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE?
- Adaptation to environment (balance between needs and demands)
- Cognition moves us past action into symbolic thought
- Organization of thoughts into SCHEMES
- Adaptation of schemes into ASSIMILATION or ACCOMMODATION
What is ASSIMILATION according to Piaget?
using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation; example if the baby knows what a “cat” is, he might think another small, 4-legged animal is a “cat”, not a dog
What is ACCOMMODATION according to Piaget?
existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation; for example, the small, 4-legged animal looks like a “cat” but does not fit the schema because it barks, therefore it is a “dog”
Cognitive Development: What occurs during the SENSORIMOTOR period?
Birth to 2 years:
- exercising reflexes
- primary circular reactions
- secondary circular reactions
- coordination of secondary schemes
- tertiary circular reactions
- intention of new means through mental combination
EXERCISING REFLEXES
0-1 month
PRIMARY CIRCULAR REFLEXES
activities with own body repeated, coordination; 1-4 months
SECONDARY CIRCULAR REFLEXES
actions to make interests persist, involving events/objects; banging objects; 4-8 mo
COORDINATION OF SECONDARY SCHEMES
in order to obtain goal; combining objects to create relationship; 8-12 mo
TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
trial and error, goal-seeking for novel results; relational activities; 12-18 mo
INTENTION OF NEW MEANS (mental)
REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT BEGINS!; pretend play; 18-24 mo
When does REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT begin?
18-24 months!
Cognitive Development: What occurs during the PREOPERATIONAL PERIOD
acquisition of language and symbolic functions; 2-7 years
What is the purpose of PLAY?
to promote understanding and symbolic thought
What does INFORMATION PROCESSING involve?
novelty preference, habituation, memory, reaction times, anticipation of patterns, problem solving
PROBLEM SOLVING: at 6 months, what type of hidden object can a baby retrieve?
a partially-hidden object
PROBLEM SOLVING: at 9 months, what type of hidden object can a baby retrieve?
a totally hidden object
PROBLEM SOLVING: at 2 years, what type of hidden object can a baby retrieve?
a toy displaced from its original hiding place
What is OBJECT PERMANENCE?
it is the ability to differentiate self from objects; ability to see self as capable of intentional action and that things continue to exist when no longer immediately sensed
Language: What is AUDITORY ACUITY?
responds to voice, responds to/discriminates sounds, localizes a sound; from birth
Language: What are SPEECH PATTERNS of a child?
rhythms of native language; discriminates patterns of sound (melodies); developed by 1 year
Language: How old is a child who can respond to words and short phrases? How about up to 50 words?
- 9 months
- 1 year
When does a baby begin COOING?
by 2 months
When does a baby begin BABBLING?
2-4 months; single sounds progress to sequences of sounds and by 4-5 months sounds usually include vowel and consonant
When is a baby able to produce a CHAIN OF SOUNDS?
7-8 months
When is a baby able to produce DIFFERENT SYLLABLES?
10 months
When do nonverbal gestures occur?
by 1 year old
Between 1-2 years, for each new word produced, how many words are comprehended?
five
When do babies begin 2-word combinations?
at 50-100 words, by 2 years
When can babies begin speaking in simple sentences?
by 3 years
How old is a baby who is intentionally reaching and grasping with his whole hand?
3-4 months
How old is a baby who is transferring objects from one hand to another?
5 months
How old is a baby who can coordinate dropping an object intentionally?
6 months
How old is a baby who begins to use a PINCER GRASP?
1 year
How old is a baby who is beginning to start sitting up by herself?
about 6 months
What fine motor skill must a baby have to pick up Cheerios?
pincer grasp
How old is a child when he begins to count?
about 2 yr 5 months
How old is a child when she begins to recognize and label body parts?
about 1 yr 9 months
How old is a child when she beings to recognize action words, like “clean up”?
about 3 years
How old is a child when he begins to verbalize opposites?
about 3 yr 2 months
At what age does self-soothing/self-regulation begin?
about 3-4 months
At what age do babies begin to engage in relationships?
about 5 months
At what age do babies intentionally begin to interact with others using motor skills?
about 9 months
At what age do babies use complex emotional signals to communicate [surprise]?
about 14 months
toilet readiness age?
about 1 yr 9 months; or when child can follow 2-step commands
How old does a child have to be to show empathy for others?
about 3 yrs
At what age do children use symbols or ideas to convey their basic needs?
24 mo
At what age do children use symbols or ideas to convey more than their basic needs?
30 mo
At what age does pretend play occur with other people?
about 2 yr 6 mo
What is Erikson’s FIRST stage of development and what virtue does it teach?
Trust vs. Mistrust (feeding and nurturing); 0-1 yr; virtue=Hope
What is Erikson’s SECOND stage of development and what virtue does it teach?
Autonomy vs. Shame (toilet training); 1-3 yr; virtue=Will
How would Erikson explain the “Terrible Twos”?
children about 2-3 want to do things themselves (autonomy) and feel shameful if they cannot; therefore they tend to throw tantrums, especially since their communication skills have not caught up with what they want to communicate and they get frustrated
How many children are born each year in the US?
4.3 billion
What percentage of children born in US are born via cesarean section?
1/3
premature birth
less than 37 weeks gestation
very premature birth
less than 32 weeks gestation
What is the main factor that determines high infant mortality?
low socioeconomic status
“baby blues”
33-50% of mothers; emotional depression lasting up to 2 weeks after childbirth; due to emotional stress of birthing and surge of hormones
Which country has highest infant mortality rate? What is it?
U.S. = 6.9 per 1000 live births
major depression postpartum
more serious postpartum blues (5-10%); treated with antipsychotic medications; once having this, more risk with other pregnancies
brief psychotic disorder postpartum
very serious depression (0.1-0.2% mothers); must be treated with antipsychotics
separation anxiety
occurs at about 9 months; baby wants primary caregiver
inhibited separation anxiety
children are withdrawn and unresponsive to strangers
disinhibited separation anxiety
children approach and attach to strangers indiscriminately
