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Block 4 > Human Behavior-Birth to 2 Years > Flashcards

Human Behavior-Birth to 2 Years Flashcards

1
Q

What is INFANCY?

A

birth to 15 months

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2
Q

what is TODDLERHOOD?

A

15 to 36 months

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3
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A 
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration
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4
Q

What is the MORO reflex?

A

When the baby throws its limbs out after its head is dropped suddenly (not hurting baby); disappears around 3-4 months

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5
Q

What is the SUCKING reflex?

A

Baby sucks when area of mouth is touched; for survival; disappears at 3 mo

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6
Q

What is the ROOTING reflex?

A

occurs when you stroke the baby’s cheek; the infant will turn toward the side that was stroked and begin to make sucking motions with the mouth; for survival; disappears at 3 mo

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7
Q

What is the GRASP reflex?

A

occurs if you place a finger on the infant’s open palm; the hand will close around the finger; trying to remove the finger causes the grip to tighten; newborn infants have strong grasps and can almost be lifted up if both hands are grasping your fingers; disappears at 2 mo.

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8
Q

What is the CRYING reflex?

A

normal response to some stimuli, such as pain or hunger; some premature babies do not have this reflex so they should be monitored closely; for survival

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9
Q

What is the TONIC NECK reflex?

A

occurs when you move the head of a child who is relaxed and lying on his back to the side. The arm on the side where the head is facing reaches straight away from the body with the hand partly open. The arm on the side away from the face is flexed and the fist is clenched tightly. Turning the baby’s face in the other direction reverses the position. The tonic neck position is often described as the fencer’s position because it looks like a fencer’s stance

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10
Q

What is important for early personal-social development?

A

bonding and skin-to-skin contact

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11
Q

What signals normal motor development?

A

tracking

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12
Q

What are the 9 characteristics of TEMPERAMENT?

A 
"ADMIRe PIe AS it is"
Activity level
Distractibility
Mood
Intensity
Regularity

Persistance
Initial Reaction

Adaptability
Sensitivity

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13
Q

What is GOODNESS-OF-FIT parenting?

A

creating environments that accommodate the baby’s temperaments; must allow baby to play, eat and sleep well

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14
Q

What is John Bowlby’s defining characteristics of “BONDING”?

A

not for survival; impacts life profoundly

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15
Q

What does ATTACHMENT do?

A

creates relationship based on critical needs, increasing survival

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16
Q

What gives a baby the sense of security?

A

available “mother” and response to needs

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17
Q

What are PROXIMITY-SEEKING behaviors?

A

proximity seeking to an attachment figure (mother, etc.) in the face of threat, for the purpose of survival

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18
Q

What are CONTACT-MAINTAINING behaviors?

A

baby feels safe when being held and has separation distress; babies without this tend not to cuddle in and look away and may squirm to get down

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19
Q

What was Harlow’s Monkey experiment and what did it prove?

A

infants placed with a “wire” mother and others with a “cloth” mother; clung to “cloth” mother more and those who clung less to a mother showed atypical behaviors; similar to neglect/abuse, therefore must have love and affection!

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20
Q

What does INFANT ATTACHMENT look like?

A

vocalizations, interactions, social smiles, becomes increasingly complex as baby grows

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21
Q

What are the 3 ATTACHMENT TYPES of Ainsworth’s “baby reunited” experiments?

A
  • secure
  • anxious-avoidant
  • anxious-ambivalent
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22
Q

What are the defining characteristics of SECURE ATTACHMENT?

A

Children: able to separate and then seek comfort from parent, prefers parents to strangers and parent return is met positively
[As adults: have trusting/lasting relationships, good self-esteem, etc.]

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23
Q

What are the 4 components to Piaget’s THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE?

A
  • Adaptation to environment (balance between needs and demands)
  • Cognition moves us past action into symbolic thought
  • Organization of thoughts into SCHEMES
  • Adaptation of schemes into ASSIMILATION or ACCOMMODATION
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24
Q

What is ASSIMILATION according to Piaget?

A

using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation; example if the baby knows what a “cat” is, he might think another small, 4-legged animal is a “cat”, not a dog

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25
Q

What is ACCOMMODATION according to Piaget?

A

existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation; for example, the small, 4-legged animal looks like a “cat” but does not fit the schema because it barks, therefore it is a “dog”

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26
Q

Cognitive Development: What occurs during the SENSORIMOTOR period?

A

Birth to 2 years:

  • exercising reflexes
  • primary circular reactions
  • secondary circular reactions
  • coordination of secondary schemes
  • tertiary circular reactions
  • intention of new means through mental combination
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27
Q

EXERCISING REFLEXES

A

0-1 month

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28
Q

PRIMARY CIRCULAR REFLEXES

A

activities with own body repeated, coordination; 1-4 months

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29
Q

SECONDARY CIRCULAR REFLEXES

A

actions to make interests persist, involving events/objects; banging objects; 4-8 mo

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30
Q

COORDINATION OF SECONDARY SCHEMES

A

in order to obtain goal; combining objects to create relationship; 8-12 mo

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31
Q

TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS

A

trial and error, goal-seeking for novel results; relational activities; 12-18 mo

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32
Q

INTENTION OF NEW MEANS (mental)

A

REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT BEGINS!; pretend play; 18-24 mo

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33
Q

When does REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT begin?

A

18-24 months!

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34
Q

Cognitive Development: What occurs during the PREOPERATIONAL PERIOD

A

acquisition of language and symbolic functions; 2-7 years

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35
Q

What is the purpose of PLAY?

A

to promote understanding and symbolic thought

36
Q

What does INFORMATION PROCESSING involve?

A

novelty preference, habituation, memory, reaction times, anticipation of patterns, problem solving

37
Q

PROBLEM SOLVING: at 6 months, what type of hidden object can a baby retrieve?

A

a partially-hidden object

38
Q

PROBLEM SOLVING: at 9 months, what type of hidden object can a baby retrieve?

A

a totally hidden object

39
Q

PROBLEM SOLVING: at 2 years, what type of hidden object can a baby retrieve?

A

a toy displaced from its original hiding place

40
Q

What is OBJECT PERMANENCE?

A

it is the ability to differentiate self from objects; ability to see self as capable of intentional action and that things continue to exist when no longer immediately sensed

41
Q

Language: What is AUDITORY ACUITY?

A

responds to voice, responds to/discriminates sounds, localizes a sound; from birth

42
Q

Language: What are SPEECH PATTERNS of a child?

A

rhythms of native language; discriminates patterns of sound (melodies); developed by 1 year

43
Q

Language: How old is a child who can respond to words and short phrases? How about up to 50 words?

A
  • 9 months

- 1 year

44
Q

When does a baby begin COOING?

A

by 2 months

45
Q

When does a baby begin BABBLING?

A

2-4 months; single sounds progress to sequences of sounds and by 4-5 months sounds usually include vowel and consonant

46
Q

When is a baby able to produce a CHAIN OF SOUNDS?

A

7-8 months

47
Q

When is a baby able to produce DIFFERENT SYLLABLES?

A

10 months

48
Q

When do nonverbal gestures occur?

A

by 1 year old

49
Q

Between 1-2 years, for each new word produced, how many words are comprehended?

A

five

50
Q

When do babies begin 2-word combinations?

A

at 50-100 words, by 2 years

51
Q

When can babies begin speaking in simple sentences?

A

by 3 years

52
Q

How old is a baby who is intentionally reaching and grasping with his whole hand?

A

3-4 months

53
Q

How old is a baby who is transferring objects from one hand to another?

A

5 months

54
Q

How old is a baby who can coordinate dropping an object intentionally?

A

6 months

55
Q

How old is a baby who begins to use a PINCER GRASP?

A

1 year

56
Q

How old is a baby who is beginning to start sitting up by herself?

A

about 6 months

57
Q

What fine motor skill must a baby have to pick up Cheerios?

A

pincer grasp

58
Q

How old is a child when he begins to count?

A

about 2 yr 5 months

59
Q

How old is a child when she begins to recognize and label body parts?

A

about 1 yr 9 months

60
Q

How old is a child when she beings to recognize action words, like “clean up”?

A

about 3 years

61
Q

How old is a child when he begins to verbalize opposites?

A

about 3 yr 2 months

62
Q

At what age does self-soothing/self-regulation begin?

A

about 3-4 months

63
Q

At what age do babies begin to engage in relationships?

A

about 5 months

64
Q

At what age do babies intentionally begin to interact with others using motor skills?

A

about 9 months

65
Q

At what age do babies use complex emotional signals to communicate [surprise]?

A

about 14 months

66
Q

toilet readiness age?

A

about 1 yr 9 months; or when child can follow 2-step commands

67
Q

How old does a child have to be to show empathy for others?

A

about 3 yrs

68
Q

At what age do children use symbols or ideas to convey their basic needs?

A

24 mo

69
Q

At what age do children use symbols or ideas to convey more than their basic needs?

A

30 mo

70
Q

At what age does pretend play occur with other people?

A

about 2 yr 6 mo

71
Q

What is Erikson’s FIRST stage of development and what virtue does it teach?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust (feeding and nurturing); 0-1 yr; virtue=Hope

72
Q

What is Erikson’s SECOND stage of development and what virtue does it teach?

A

Autonomy vs. Shame (toilet training); 1-3 yr; virtue=Will

73
Q

How would Erikson explain the “Terrible Twos”?

A

children about 2-3 want to do things themselves (autonomy) and feel shameful if they cannot; therefore they tend to throw tantrums, especially since their communication skills have not caught up with what they want to communicate and they get frustrated

74
Q

How many children are born each year in the US?

A

4.3 billion

75
Q

What percentage of children born in US are born via cesarean section?

A

1/3

76
Q

premature birth

A

less than 37 weeks gestation

77
Q

very premature birth

A

less than 32 weeks gestation

78
Q

What is the main factor that determines high infant mortality?

A

low socioeconomic status

79
Q

“baby blues”

A

33-50% of mothers; emotional depression lasting up to 2 weeks after childbirth; due to emotional stress of birthing and surge of hormones

80
Q

Which country has highest infant mortality rate? What is it?

A

U.S. = 6.9 per 1000 live births

81
Q

major depression postpartum

A

more serious postpartum blues (5-10%); treated with antipsychotic medications; once having this, more risk with other pregnancies

82
Q

brief psychotic disorder postpartum

A

very serious depression (0.1-0.2% mothers); must be treated with antipsychotics

83
Q

separation anxiety

A

occurs at about 9 months; baby wants primary caregiver

84
Q

inhibited separation anxiety

A

children are withdrawn and unresponsive to strangers

85
Q

disinhibited separation anxiety

A

children approach and attach to strangers indiscriminately

Block 4 (10 decks)

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