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GI 2 > HST 3 > Flashcards

HST 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main digestive glands, and their function?

A
  1. Major salivary glands - associated with the oral cavity thru independent excretory ducts 2. Exocrine pancreas - secrete alkaline aqueous and enzymatic products into the duodenum 3. Liver - exocrine and endocrine gland with extensive access to blood circulation
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2
Q

What is the acinus? duct?

A
  1. blind-sac of secretory cells that synthesize and release product into the duct 2. conducting passageway for product to be released into lumen
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3
Q

What comprises the salivon?

A

acinus, intercalated duct, and excretory duct

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4
Q

What is the role of saliva? what produces? how is its production controlled?

A
  1. lubricates/cleanses oral mucosa, contains immunoglobulins/minerals/electrolytes/buffers/enzymes/metabolic wastes, aids in digestion of food via enzymes, and tooth maintenance 2. Secretory cells 3. ANS
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5
Q

What is the role of myoepithelial cells?

A

assist in moving secretory products towards the excretory duct

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6
Q

What is the pathway of salvia? What epithelium is associated with the layers)

A

acinus –> interlaced duct (low cuboidal epi) –> striated duct (simple cuibodal to columnar epi) –> excretory duct (simple cuboidal to pseudo stratified columnar/stratified cuboidal)

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7
Q

When comparing parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, which has the longest intercalated duct? striated duct? Excretory duct?

A
  1. parotid > sublingual > submandibular 2. submandibular > parotid > sublingual 3. sublingual > submandibular > parotid
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8
Q

Parotid Gland

A

-Serous only -Largest salivary gland with adipocytes **serous only, large amounts of adipose tissue, CN VII passes through

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9
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

-Mixed, but predominantly mucous -Lacks defined capsule, but CT divides it into small lobules

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10
Q

Submandibular Gland

A

-MIxed, but predominantly serous -Mucus cells containing acini are capped by serous demilunes

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11
Q

Where do we find centroacinar cells? what is their role?

A
  1. duct cells inside the acinus of the pancreas 2. secrete HCO3-, Na+, and H2O to alkalinize secretions *stain lightly inside dark staining acinar cells
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12
Q

What do pancreatic acinar cells contain to aid in digestion?

A

20 different proenzymes (ex. trypsinogen)

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13
Q

Pancreatitis 1. Cause 2. Result - acute vs. chronic

A
  1. premature activation of pancreatic enzymes results in the autodigetsion of the pancreatic gland 2. a. acute - usually follows trauma, heavy meals, or excessive alcohol ingestion, or biliary tract disease; causes severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting b. chronic - fibrosis, and partial or total destruction of pancreatic islet; alcoholism
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14
Q

When does the serous covering NOT line the liver?

A

where it directly adheres to the diaphragm/other organs

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15
Q

What is the role of hepatocytes?

A

metabolism, storage, and bile* production *drains into bile canaliculus between adjacent cells; eventually join to contribute to the biliary tree

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16
Q

Where does blood of the portal vein and hepatic artery mix?

A

sinusoids of the lobules central venue –> sub lobular veins

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17
Q

Terminal hepatic venule (central vein)

A

collects blood from the sinusoids

18
Q

Bile and lymph flow in ____ directions.

A

opposite

19
Q

Perisinusoidal space of Disse

A

separates hepatocytes plate from the blood sinusoidal space; site of material exchange b/t blood and liver cells

20
Q

Periportal space (space of Mall)

A

excessive fluid in the space of Disse is collected here and drained by lymphatic vessels

21
Q

What cell can be used to distinguish liver sinusoids?

A

Kupffer cells - macrophages that phagocytose RBCs

22
Q

Portal lobule

A

triangle between 3 central veins that outlines bile drainage from adjacent lobules into the same bile duct

23
Q

Liver Acinus

A

most clinically relevant with 3 zones *ischemia affects zone 3 the most **toxins affect zone 1 the most

24
Q

Hereditary hemochromatosis

A

-characterized by increased iron absorption & accumulation in lysosomal hepatocytes -complications include cirrhosis & cancer of the liver

25
Q

Wilson’s Disease

A

hereditary disorder of copper metabolism in which excessive deposits of copper in liver & brain lysosomes produce chronic hepatitis

26
Q

Chronic Liver Disease

A

• Perisinusoidal cells remain in a quiescent, nonproliferative state, but can proliferate when • Leads to fibrosis & inflammatory cells (lymphocytes & macrophages) in distorted portal space

27
Q

Long-term consumption of ethanol

A

• Can results in fatty liver (reversible if EtOH consumption is discontinued) • Steatohepatitis: fatty liver accompanied by an inflammatory reaction • Cirrhosis, collagen proliferation or fibrosis

28
Q

Hepatitis

A

• Inflammatory condition due to viruses, but can also result from bacteria & parasites • Acute hepatitis: characterized by the loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, jaundice • Chronic hepatitis: defined by the presence of fibrosis, together with hepatocyte necrosis & inflammatory lymphocytic activity

29
Q

Viral Hepatitis can be caused by ….

A

Hepatitis Virus A, B, and C

30
Q

Does the GB have serosa or adventitia?

A

External A where it is against the liver, but S where it is exposed to the peritoneal cavity

31
Q

What are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

A

• Deep diverticula of the mucosa that may extend through muscularis externa • Develop as the result of hyperplasia & herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis externa • Bacteria may accumulate, causing chronic inflammation, increased risk for gallstones

32
Q
A

Mucous acini

33
Q
A

Serous Acini

34
Q
A

Mucoserous

35
Q
A

Parotid Gland (serous)

ID - intercalated duct

SC - serous cells

CT - connective tissue

36
Q
A

Sublingual Gland

37
Q
A

Submandibular Glands

M - mucous acini

SD - serous demiliune

D -Striated duct

38
Q
A

Pancreas

D - duct

Sp - Septa

Ac - adipocyte

I - pancreatic islet (endo)

39
Q

What do the black arrows point to?

A

bile canaliculi

40
Q
A

Hepatic Lobule

C - central venule

H - hepatocytes

S - sinusoids

41
Q

Where is this image taken from?

A

Gall Bladder

42
Q

What organ do we find these in?

A

Gall Bladder

GI 2 (10 decks)

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