How is regeneration managed? Flashcards
what are the three main ways regeneration is managed?
- the UK government is responsible for planning regulation and regeneration policies, as well as major infrastructure investment and immigration, which provides a national context for local regeneration.
- local councils are key players in the success of local economies, and delivering regeneration in urban and rural places.
- rebranding is an important element of regeneration, as it attempts to change peoples perceptions of places, both rural and urban
what are some regeneration policies that have been implemented since 1950?
1950-1980: regional policy and new towns (grants directed to repressed regions)
1980-2000: urban development corporations and single regeneration budget (focus on inner city regeneration in de-industrialised areas in northern cities)
1998-2010: regional development agencies (decided how to spend government grants within large regions
post-2010: local enterprise partnership (focused on regeneration and job creation in smaller areas
what is the north-south divide?
the difference in wealth between the industrial north, midlands and north west and the more prosperous south and east of the UK.
what are ways the government have tried to tackle the north and south divide?
- built UK motorway networks, begun in the 1950’s as an attempt to reduce road travel times between regions
- the proposed high speed rail network between London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Leeds is a planned attempt to connect poorer regions to the economic core in London and the South East
- since the 1960’s there has been considerable investments in regional airports like Newcastle, Manchester and Glasgow.
what are some of the UK’s planning policies that are important in the context of regeneration?
- greenbelt land cannot be built on as it is protected green-space, usually Farmland
- conservation areas like national parks have strict planning regulations
- planning permission is dependant on the state of the area to begin with
- planning laws allow for some developments that are in national interests
- the national house-building target is set to 240,000 new homes a year which determines regeneration scale.
what are planning policies?
laws that regulate what can be built where. they aim to prevent random, unplanned development that would harm the natural environment and create transport chaos.
what are affordable homes?
those, usually for rent, which can be afforded by families on low incomes
what in the UK acts as a good indicator of regeneration and its success and why?
housing shortage in the UK
- shortage of about 50,000 homes in 2016
- 240,000 homes need to be built each year to meet current demand
- for the last ten years only 100,000-150,000 new homes have been built each year
why can it be argued that other government policies have contributed to housing shortages in the UK?
- immigration- (open-door immigration) large scale immigration especially since 2004 has increase the population from 59-63 million between 2001-2011.
- deregulation- open to foreign investments including people and companies buying properties. An estimated 40,000 London properties are owned by offshore tax havens which are probably not lived in or even rented
- second homes and holiday homes: few restrictions on houses that aren’t available to the local people.
all of these reduce number of houses available and increase prices of those that are
what do the council do to aid planning decisions for the government?
draw up plans called Unitary Development plans which identify:
- areas for new housing
- priority for regeneration
- new roads and other major infrastructure
- areas for commercial development, i.e factories, offices and retail.
what are science parks and how do they contribute to regeneration?
industrial and business parks focused on the quaternary industry and usually involves at least one university as a key partner.
their key goal is to attract high-value quaternary industries in fields like ICT, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies etc.
what is pump-priming?
using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies choose to invest.
what are players?
decision makers and other groups who have an interest in a particular plan or issue; the people affected by the changing geography of a place.
what does regeneration inevitably lead to?
- changes in the physical fabric of an area in terms of buildings, street patterns and possibly historic landmark buildings
- changes in the population of places, as newcomers move into regenerated areas.
what are examples of negative changes as a result of regeneration?
- London Docklands : sparked protest by residents who felt the service sector jobs being created, and expensive apartment housing was doing nothing to reduce poverty in the area
- Newham: people felt they were being ignored due to the 2012 Olympic Games and the compulsory purchasing that was being done there (existing homes and businesses being demolished to make room for development.
