How far had harmonious race relations been created by 1979? How far had race relations been improved by 1979?

Question 1

P1
P2
P3

Answer 1

yes-Efforts to tackle discrimination in the 1960s and 1970s

no-Anti-immigrant attitudes in the 1960s

no-Remaining prejudice and intolerance in the 1960s and 1970s

Question 2

P1 evidence

Answer 2

1. Labour Party- 1st to tackle discrimination

2. Race Relations Acts

Question 3

The labour party became the fisrt party to what?

Answer 3

adopt an official policy to tackle
discrimination

encourage ‘multi-culturalism’.

Question 4

What had previous parties pushed for rather than multiculturalism?

Answer 4

‘assimilation’

adopt ‘British cultural values’.

Question 5

who was the liberal Home Secretary and what did he embrace?

Answer 5

Roy Jenkins

embraced multi-culturalism as a positive aspect of society to be celebrated.

Question 6

the race relations acts were the first acts to formally outlaw what?

Answer 6

discrimination and enshrine

equality into UK law:

Question 7

when was the first race relation act? and what did it outlaw?

Answer 7

1965

colour bar ,discrimination, inciting racial hatred,

Illegal to deny people access to services and public places on the basis of race

establsh race relation board- monitor and promote harmonious relations.

Question 8

when was the 2nd race relation act? and what did it outlaw?

what did it establish?

Answer 8

1968

discrimination in housing and employment,

Community Relations Committee (CRC) to promote multi-culturalism in schools.

Question 9

when was the 3rd race relations act and what did it create?

Answer 9

1976

Indirect discrimination outlawed: discrimination that was not based primarily on ethnicity, but affected some groups in a detrimental way was banned

Commission for Racial Equality (CRE)- enforce the race relations legislation.

Question 10

what did the race relation laws show?

Answer 10

step-forward on the road to our modern multi-cultural society

changing attitudes

Question 11

P2 evidence

Answer 11

1. Notting Hill riots 1958

2. pressure from the voting public= support strict limits on immigration:

Question 12

what did the notting hill riots 1958 expose?

Answer 12

that attempts at integration had
failed

racial tensions

Question 13

what did the notting hill riots renewe calls for?

Answer 13

public to limit immigration and restrict entry into Britain.

Question 14

what did pressure from the voting public led both parties to do?

Answer 14

formally support strict limits on immigration:

Question 15

which act passed under Macmillan was designed to end large-scale
immigration? and how?

Answer 15

1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act (Conservative)

-prevent creation on multicultural society

• people from former colonies could obtain an entry voucher for two main reasons
• they had a job waiting for them
• they had specific skills that the British economy needed e.g. medical profession

Question 16

which act restricted immigration from india, pakistan and west indies and whaat did it introduce?

Answer 16

1968 Commonwealth Immigration Act (Labour)

‘Grandfather clause’-needed a work voucher, naturalized parent or grandparent in order to qualify for entry into Britain.

-children of migrants living in Britain who were over 17 denied entry

Question 17

which act passed under Heath introduced temporary 12-month work permits?

Answer 17

1971 Immigration Act (Conservative)

-

Question 18

1971 Immigration Act (Conservative) impact on black and asians?

Answer 18

hugely limited black and Asian immigration:

-Introduced 2 largely racial categories into British law

1. Partial - People born in the UK , or parents or grandparents from the UK= mainly white Britons, or Canadians, new xealand, austraiuns
   - very few from new common wealth
2. Non partial- people born out of UK and so are their parents and grandparents

Question 19

in 1972 how many immigrants were admitted into the uk?

Answer 19

2,290

Question 20

how popular were the limits on immigration with the uk? what % approval?

Answer 20

certainly popular with the British public

70% approval rating

Question 21

what 3 acts passed by C and L party were undeniably racist and increased socail tensions and discrimination?

Answer 21

1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act

1968 Commonwealth Immigration Act (Labour)

1971 Immigration Act (Conservative)

Question 22

Governments impact on peoples attitudes due to passed acts

Answer 22

that immigrants were ‘not wanted’

legitimised racism

Question 23

P3 evidence

Answer 23

1. Britons still held racist views by the 1970s

2. focus on controlling immigration not discrimination

Question 24

open racism was frowned uo but still…

Answer 24

common place

Question 25

in what year did the British Union of fascists openly campaign against immigration?

Answer 25

1958

Question 26

what % of the Vote did the BUF get and why was this concerning?

Answer 26

8%

worrying sign that racist attitudes were popular among the white w.class.

Question 27

who came up wi

th ‘If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Labour’.?

Answer 27

Peter Griffiths

Conservative candidate

Griffiths won the election. 1964

Question 28

Who made the ‘Rivers of Blood ‘ speech and what did it mean? and when

Answer 28

1968: Enoch Powell- (Conservative MP)

20 April 1968

addressed labours 1968 proposal to introduce tougher race relation law
ARGUED
keeping
Britain white.

Mass migration and anti racist laws= black and asians had more privileges

Whites now strangers in their own countries

give grants to encourages black and asian to leave

Question 29

Enoch powell was sacked by Who but what happend?

Answer 29

sacked by Edward Heath,

petition signed by 30,000 people

75% agreed.

• March of 1000 people with placards saying
  “Dont knock Enoch”

Question 30

when was the Ntional front formed and how many members?

Answer 30

1967

20,000 by 1970

Question 31

Gov lack of action to tackle discrimination led to the what of minoroty groups?

Answer 31

radicalisation

Many young blacks and Asians rejected
mainstream politics in favour of radical groups:

Question 32

who formed the british black panther party and when?

Answer 32

1968

Obi B. Egbuna

Question 33

many black britons felt …

Answer 33

isolated that they formed their own political organisations to campaign for equality

Question 34

the existence of new groups suggests ….

Answer 34

that significant racial tensions still existed.

Question 35

what were the race relations acts motivated by?

Answer 35

• Pressure from black and asians to deal w racism
• gov concerns that poor relations= widespread riotingn( rioting in US in 1960’s)
• political commitment to multi culturism

Question 36

Who formed the Brixton black womens group?

Answer 36

Olive Morris in 1971

Jamacian born radical

Question 37

Who was Darcus Howe and what did he form?

Answer 37

Founded Rce Today collective
the most significant black rights organisation in the period
1974 trinidad born

Question 38

Asian group formed

Answer 38

1975

Asian youth movement in response to the murder of Gurdrip Singh Chaggar

Question 39

P1

Answer 39

E1: LABOUR 1ST TO TACKLE DISCRIMNATION

1960 onwards, the Labour Party became the first UK political party - adopt an official policy to tackle discrimination + encourage ‘multi-culturalism.

Political parties pushed for ‘assimilation’ = immigrants abandon their own culture and adopt ‘British cultural values’.

The Labour Party- guidance of the liberal Home Secretary Roy Jenkins

-championed ‘multi-culturalism + embraced multiculturalism as a positive aspect of society to be celebrated.

E2: RACE RELATIONS
first acts to formally outlaw discrimination and enshrine equality into UK law:

1. Race Relations Act (1965): outlawed the colour bar, discrimination, inciting racial hatred, and established the Race Relations Board to monitor and promote harmonious relations.

-
Illegal to deny people access to services and public places on the basis of race

2. Race Relations Act (1968): outlawed discrimination in housing and employment, and created the Community Relations Committee (CRC) to promote multi-culturalism in schools.
3. Race relations act
   1976

Indirect discrimination outlawed: discrimination that was not based primarily on ethnicity, but affected some groups in a detrimental way was banned

Commission for Racial Equality (CRE)- enforce the race relations legislation.

=Represented a significant step-forward on the road to our modern multi-cultural society and was a clear indication that attitudes towards immigration and multi-culturalism was changing.

created beginnings of an official commitment to cultural diversity e.g. 1976 law used to uphold right of sikh boys to wear turbans to school following the 1982 court case mandla v dowell- lee

Question 40

P2

Answer 40

E2- notting hill riots 1958

• Shocked the public and the government
• Exposed attempts at integration had failed + level of racial tensions
• Riots renewed calls for limit immigration and restricting entry into Britain from public

E2- Pressure from voting public

-led both parties to formally support strict limits on immigration

1. 1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act (Conservative)
   = Designed to end large scale immigration

• prevent the creation of a multicultural society
• people from former colonies could obtain an entry voucher for two main reasons

1. they had a job waiting for them
2. they had specific skills that the British economy needed e.g. medical profession
3. 1968 Commonwealth Immigration Act (Labour)

restricted immigration from india, pakistan and west indies

‘Grandfather clause’-needed a work voucher, naturalized parent or grandparent in order to qualify for entry into Britain.

• children of migrants living in Britain who were over 17 denied entry
  3. 1971 Immigration Act (Conservative)

Heath- introduced temporary 12-month work permits

hugely limited black and Asian immigration:

-Introduced 2 largely racial categories into British law

1. Partial - People born in the UK , or parents or grandparents from the UK= mainly white Britons, or Canadians, new xealand, austraiuns
   - very few from new common wealth
2. Non partial- people born out of UK and so are their parents and grandparents

1972 only 2,290 immigrants

Question 41

p3

Answer 41

1. Britons still held racist views by the 1970s
   - Contemporary media suggests that government legislation did little to change the attitudes of the public
   - Open racism was frowned-upon but still commonplace:
   - 1958: The British Union of Fascists (BUF) campaigned openly against immigration – although they gained only 8% of the vote, it was a worrying sign that racist attitudes were popular among the white w.class.
   - 1964: Conservative candidate Peter Griffiths - campaigned against immigration =slogan, ‘If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Labour’. Griffiths won the election.
   - 1968: Enoch Powell (Conservative MP) made the ‘Rivers of Blood

20 April 1968

addressed labours 1968 proposal to introduce tougher race relation law
ARGUED
keeping
Britain white.

Mass migration and anti racist laws= black and asians had more privileges

Whites now strangers in their own countries

give grants to encourages black and asian to leave

sacked by Edward Heath,

petition signed by 30,000 people

75% agreed.

• March of 1000 people with placards saying
  “Dont knock Enoch”

2. focus on controlling immigration not discrimination

led to the radicalisation of minority rights groups= Many young blacks and Asians rejected mainstream politics in favour of radical groups:

1968-Obi B. Egbuna formed the British Black Panther Party to campaign against the institutional racism that still existed in the Metropolitan Police

Darcus Howe -Founded Rce Today collective
the most significant black rights organisation in the period
1974 trinidad born

Olive Morris in 1971
Formed Brixton black women group
Jamacian born radical

Asian group formed
1975 -
Asian youth movement in response to the murder of Gurdrip Singh Chaggar

felt so isolated that they formed their own political organisations to campaign for equality and fight discrimination: the existence of these groups would suggest that significant racial tensions still existed.